MUNIZ—MC GEE] CRANIA IN MUSEUM AT CUZCO 39 
to, though less advanced than in connection with the other aperture in 
the same cranium, and quite similar in character and advancement to 
that displayed by the earlier operation in cranium 7. Both tables dis- 
play short and small knobs or spicules of reparative growth, and fully 
half of the margin of the inner table shows the peculiar conformation 
and coloration characteristic of such growth, as may clearly be seen 
in the reproduction. The diploe is obliterated on the anterior side of 
the aperture; on the posterior side it was partly absorbed (though 
the spongy texture was modified through replacement as in most of the 
examples), leaving a groove 3 mm. wide and 2 to 5 mm. deep between 
the tables. So extensive are the subsequent physiologic modifications 
that all trace of instrumentation has been obliterated. Evidently the 
sufferer survived this operation, also, for a considerable period, proba- 
bly a number of years. 
In neither case is there the slightest trace of antecedent lesion. It 
may be noted that the outer table about the apertures, particularly the 
later, is somewhat rough as to surface and vesicular in texture, proba- 
bly by reason of physiologic and post-mortem processes initiated by 
the operation, but possibly because of caries. 
For purposes of comparison and to complete, so far as practicable, 
the illustration of trephined crania from Peru, the eight specimens 
illustrated on plates xxvr and xxvit are introduced. The reproduc- 
tions are half-tone engravings from small photographs obtained by Dr 
Muniz. The specimens are preserved in the museum at Cuzco. 
Figures a and b, plate XxvI, represent crania penetrated by large 
and irregular apertures, showing no definite traces of instrumentation. 
In figure a the margins are jagged, suggesting the enlargement of an 
original aperture by the use of a vigorously applied elevator fulcrumed 
on the opposite margin; there is no trace of subsequent growth, and 
consequently nothing to indicate the purpose of the operation, or 
whether it was late ante-mortem or post-mortem. Similarly in figure 
b, the irregular form and absence of incisions suggest extensive use of 
the elevator; while the rounded margin, particularly on the anterior 
side of the aperture, indicates subsequent reparative process, and thus 
shows that the operation was ante-mortem. In figures ¢ and d (plate 
XXV1), in like manner, all trace of instrumentation has been obliterated 
by subsequent growth, which in both cases (particularly the latter) is 
extensive and characteristic. The operation represented in figure 
¢ involved the coronal suture. In figure d, in less measure in figure ¢, 
and to a still less extent in figure /, there are suggestions of malforma- 
tion or of general pathologic condition resulting in necrosis, followed 
by the reparative process indicated; but the suggestion does not 
demand serious consideration, partly because of its improbability in 
view of the characteristics displayed by the Muniz collection, partly 
because the question could be set at rest only by examination of the 
crania themselves. 
