64 PRIMITIVE TREPHINING IN PERU [ETH. ANN. 16 
only by reason of the fact that the single parietal bone does not admit 
of satisfactory comparison with the entire specimens; the second is the 
small and delicately molded cranium 12, which may be feminine; the 
third is the small specimen of somewhat abnormal appearance (number 
19) with mature sutures and immature dentition, which may be feminine 
also, though it seems quite as probable that it represents an ill-developed 
male. Collectively the crania appear to represent vigorous and healthy 
young men, presumptively soldiery; there is every indication of fine 
physical development, not only in strength of tissue, but in soundness of 
constitution as indicated by the frequent survival of desperate wounds 
and even more desperate treatment; yet there is nothing in the crania 
themselves or in the evidence of the instruments and operations to 
indicate noteworthy intellectual development. 
The individual and collective characteristics indicated by osseous 
and muscular development are no less clearly shown in the minor trau- 
matic lesions displayed by most of the crania. Cranium 1 displays a 
late ante-mortem contusion with slight fracture of the frontal bone and, 
in addition, two long healed grooves over the left temple; cranium 2 
reveals a similar groove over the right temple, an extensive indentation 
of the frontal bone, and two suggestive gashes in the back of the head 
(perhaps pathologic); cranium 4 exhibits an indentation some 25 mm. 
in diameter, evidently traumatic, near the center of the right half of 
the frontal bone; cranium 5 displays traces (partially obliterated by 
the subsequent hacking of the operation) of the customary vertical 
groove over the left temple; cranium 7 reveals two such grooves on the 
left, and two others of exceptional length on the right; cranium 10 has 
two long parallel grooves, somewhat fresher in aspect than usual, over 
the right temple, and two others, forming a narrow V over the left tem- 
ple, with a shorter one placed exceptionally low on either side, or in all 
six cuts symmetrically grouped; cranium 11 is distorted and greatly 
flattened in the antero-posterior dimension, and displays the character- 
istic groove on the right; cranium 12 exhibits an extensive contusion at 
the summit of the frontal bone, two less extensive indentations near the 
center of the left half of the same bone, an abnormal scale at the anterior 
angle of the right parietal, and a long healed groove on the left side of 
the frontal; cranium 15 displays a completely healed contusion in the 
center of the frontal, a short gash above the right orbit. and one of the 
usual grooves above either temple, with a shorter parallel groove on 
the left; there is in addition a partially healed fracture and indentation 
of the outer table near the left upper margin of the frontal; cranium 
16 displays an immense scar, perhaps of pathologic rather than trau- 
matie origin, a little to the right of the center in the upper part of the 
frontal, and there are the usual ante-mortem grooves above the tem- 
ples, that on the left being particularly long and deep; cranium 17 
reveals the usual groove on the right, with an inconspicuous corre- 
sponding mark on the left; cranium 18 is indented by a deep groove of 
the usual character over the right temple, and displays a considerable 
