MINDELEFF] INVESTIGATION OF CLIFF DWELLINGS, 1882-1895 sl 
additional data are given, derived from notes accompanying the photo- 
graph. The ruin is said to have “now received the name of the Casa 
Blanea, or White House,” but the derivation of the name is not stated. 
In 1882 Bancroft could find no better or fuller description than Simp- 
son’s, which he uses fully, and reproduces also Simpson’s (Kern’s) 
illustration. In the same year investigation by the assistants of the 
Bureau of Ethnology was commenced. Colonel James Stevenson and 
a party visited the canyon, and a considerable amount of data was 
obtained. In all, 46 ruins were visited, 17 of which were in Del 
Muerto; and sketches, ground plans, and photographs were obtained. 
The report of the Bureau for that year contains an account of this expe- 
dition, including a short description of a large ruin in Del Muerto, sub- 
sequently known as Mummy Cave. A brief account of the trip was 
also published elsewhere.’ The next year a map of the canyon was made 
‘by the writer and many new ruins were discovered, making the total 
number in the canyon and its branches about 140. Since 1883 two short 
visits have been made to the place, the last late in 1893, and on each 
trip additional material was obtained. In 1890 Mr F. T. Bickford? pub- 
lished an account of a visit to the canyon, illustrated with a series of 
woodcuts made from the photographs of the Bureau. The illustrations 
are excellent and the text is pleasantly written, but the descriptions of 
ruins are too general to be of much value to the student. 
In recent years several publications have appeared which, while not 
bearing directly on the De Chelly ruins, are of great interest, as they 
treat of analogous remains—the cliff ruins of the Mancos canyon and 
the Mesa Verde. These ruins were discovered in 1874 by W. H. Jackson 
and were visited and described in 1875 by W. H. Holmes,* both of the 
Hayden Survey. This region was roamed over by bands of renegade 
Ute and Navaho, who were constantly making trouble, and for fifteen 
years was apparently not visited by whites. Recent exploration appears 
to have been inaugurated by Mr F. H. Chapin, who spent two summers 
in the Mesa Verde country. Subsequently he published the results of 
some of his observations in a handsome little volume.* In 1891 Dr W. Rh. 
Birdsall made a flying trip to this region and published an account? of 
the ruins he saw the same year. At the time of this visit a more elab- 
orate exploration was being carried on by the late G. Nordenski6ld, 
who made some excavations and obtained much valuable data which 
formed the basis of a book published in 1893." This is the most impor- 
tant treatise on the cliff ruins that has ever been published, and the 
illustrations can only be characterized as magnificent. All of these 
works, and especially the last named, are of great value to the student 
of the cliff ruins wherever located, or of pueblo architecture. 
1 Bull. Am. Geog. Soc., 1886, No.4; Ancient Habitations of the Southwest, by James Stevenson. 
2Century Magazine, October, 1890, vol. xL, No. 6, p. 896 et seq. 
3U.S. Geol. Survey, F. V. Hayden in charge; 10th Ann. Rept. (for 1876), Washington, 1878. 
4The Land of the Cliff Dwellers, by Frederick H. Chapin; Boston, 1892. 
5 Bull. Am. Geog. Soc.. vol. xxi, No. 4, 1891; The Cliff Dwellings of the Canons of the Mesa Verde. 
6 The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, by G. Nordenskiéld; Stockholm and Chicago, 1894. 
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