98 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY (ETH. ANN. 16 
the cliff, forming the bottom of the cave, which is perhaps 18 or 20 feet 
above the stream and some distance from it. The cave commands an 
extensive outlook over the cultivable lands below it and those extend- 
ing up a branch canyon a little above. 
The whole bottom of the cave is covered by remains of rooms, shown 
in plan in figure 5. The population could not have been greater than 
10 or 12 persons, yet the remains of two kivas are clearly shown. 
Both were in the front of the cave, adjoining but not connected with 
each other, and were about 12 feet in diameter. Both had interior 
benches, extending in one perhaps completely around, in the other only 
partly around. The rooms are very irregular in shape and in size, 
ranging from 8 by 10 feet to 3 by 4 feet, but the latter could be used 
only for storage. The masonry is not of fine grade, although good; 
but not much detail can be made out, as the place has been used as a 






Fie. 5—Ground plan of a ruin in a cave. 
sheepfold by the Navaho and the ground surface has been filled up 
and smoothed over. 
The largest ruin in the canyons is that shown in plan in figure 6. 
It is situated in Del Muerto, on the canyon bottom at the base of 
a cliff, and is known to the Navaho as Pakashi-izini (the blue cow). 
The name was derived probably from a pictograph of a cow done in 
blue paint on the canyon wall back of the ruin. Traces of walls extend 
over a narrow belt against the cliffs about 400 feet long and not over 
40 feet wide, and over this area many walls are still standing. Scat- 
tered over the site are a number of large bowlders. No attempt to 
remove these was made, but walls were carried over and under them, 
and in some cases the direction of a wall was modified to correspond 
with a face of a bowlder. 
The settlement may have consisted of two separate portions, divided 
by a row or cluster of large bowlders. The group shown on the right 
