MINDELEFF] THE PAKASHI-IZINI RUIN 
of the plan was very compactly built, in 
one place being four rooms deep, but no 
traces of a kiva can be seen in it, nor does 
there appear to be any place where a kiva 
could be built within the house area or 
immediately adjacent to it. At present 
14 or 15 rooms may be traced on the 
ground and the whole structure may 
have comprised 30 rooms. The wall lines 
are not regular. In the western end of 
the structure there is a narrow passage- 
way into a large room in the center. 
Such passageways, while often seen in 
the valley pueblos, are rare in these can- 
yons. The three rooms to the south of 
the passageway appear to have been 
added after the rest of the structure was 
completed, and diminished in size regu- 
larly by a series of steps or insets in the 
northern or passage wall. 
The other portion of the ruin shows the 
remains of about 40 rooms on the ground, 
in addition to three kivas; there may have 
been 60 rooms in this part of the settle- 
ment, or 85 or 90 rooms altogether. The 
population could not have been over 55 
or 60 persons, or about 12 families. In 
other words, it appears that, owing to the 
peculiarities of conditions under which 
they lived, and of the ground plan which 
resulted, the largest settlement of this 
class in the canyons, extending over 400 
feet in one direction, provided homes for 
a very limited number of people. As itis 
probable that each family had one or more 
outlooks, occupied in connection with their 
horticultural operations, it will readily be 
seen that only a small number of inhabit- 
ants might leave a large number of house 
remains, and that it is not necessary to 
assume either a large population or a long 
period of occupancy. 
The kivas are clustered in the lower 
end of the settlement, and all appear to 
have been inclosed within walls or other 
buildings. Two of them are fairly well 
preserved; of the third only a fragment 
‘oVIONTY Top wokuxy ‘una ratzr-myseyxVg Jo uvd punory—g “piyp 

Nua 
Nae — 2 
nls 

