104 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY  [ets. any. 16 
around it. The other shows walls 2 feet high, and has been plastered 
with a number of successive coats. The small wall on the extreme right 
of the plan is composed of almost pure mud. 
There are a number of ruins in the canyons of the type shown in 
figure 13. They are generally located directly on the bottom, and sel- 
dom as much as 5 feet above it, within coves or under overhanging 
cliffs; they are always of small area, and generally so far obliterated 
that no walls or wall remains are now visible. The obliteration is due 
not so much to antiquity, which may or may not have been a cause, 
but to the character of the site they occupied. They are always in 
sheltered situations, and being on the canyon bottom are much used by 
the Navaho as sheepfolds and have been so used for years. Some- 
times, although rarely, faint traces of kivas can be made out. 
The example illustrated occurs at the point marked 45 on the map. 
It is situated in a cove in a point of rock jutting out from the main cliff. 
The rock is about 60 feet high and the cove about 30 feet deep, and the 
remains are but a few feet above the level of the bottom land outside. 
ZZ 

Fic. 13—Ground plan of a small ruin on bottom land. 
The walls are composed of rather small stones; the interstices were 
chinked with spawls, and the masonry was laid up with an abundance 
of mud mortar. The back wall of the cove is considerably blackened 
by smoke. 
One of the most striking and most important ruins in the canyon is 
shown in plan in figures 14 and 15, This is the ruin seen by Lieutenant 
Simpson in 1849 and subsequently called Casa Blanca. It is also 
known under the equivalent Navaho term, Kini-na e-kai or White House. 
The general character of the ruin is shown in plate XLVI, which is 
from a photograph. At first sight this ruin appears not to belong to 
this class, or rather to belong both to this class and the succeeding one 
composed of villages located with reference to defense; but, as will 
appear later, it has nothing in common with the latter. 
In its present condition the ruin consists of two distinet parts—a 
lower part, comprising a large cluster of rooms on the bottom land 
against the vertical cliff, and an upper part which was much smaller 
and occupied a cave direetly over the lower portion and was separated 
