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MINDELEFF] DETAILS OF CASA BLANCA 107 
the kiva, and which is from a foot to 6 feet high at the present time, 
extends through the heavy wall which crosses it 33 feet to the east, and 
is continuous to its termination about 50 feet east, against another 
heavy wall.- The last-mentioned wall is also continuous from the cliff 
out to the front of the ruin, a distance of about 46 feet. 
The heavy walls of the lower ruin are immediately under the upper 
cave. Back of them the cliff presents an almost smooth face of rock, 
35 feet high and slightly overhanging. On this rock face there are 
marks which show that formerly there were upper stories, the rooms of 
which are outlined upon it. The rock surface was coated in places with 
a thin wash of clay, doubtless to correspond with the other walls of the 
rooms, but this coating was necessarily omitted where the partition 
walls and roofs and floors abutted on the rock. This is shown in plate 
xLyl. Although the marks are now so faint as to be easily over- 
looked, at a certain hour in the day, when the light falls obliquely on 
the rock, they can be clearly made out. At a point about 50 feet east 
of the kiva the structure was three stories higher than it is now. The 
roof of the upper story was within 4 feet of the floor of the cave, and 
under the gap or gateway in front of the main roomabove. West of this 
point there are the marks of but two stories additional. Farther west 
the structure rose again, but not to the height attained on the east. 
The kiva was placed directly against the cliff. This is an unusual 
arrangement; but it will be noticed that the walls in front of it are of 
a different character from those on the east, and it is probable that 
when the kiva was built it opened to the air. The kiva is also anoma- 
lous in its construction. It presents the usual features of the inner 
cireular chamber and an inclosing rectangular wall, but in this case 
the intermediate space was filled in solidly, and perhaps was so con- 
structed. The kiva is still 6 feet deep inside, which must be nearly its 
maximum depth, and the roof was probably placed at a level not more 
than a foot or two above the present top. Whether the village was 
placed on a slight raise, or on the flat, level with the bottom Jand about 
it, and subsequently filled up with the débris of masonry, etc, can not 
be determined without excavation; but the top of the kiva is now 16 
feet above the general level of the bottom land, and its bottom 10 feet 
above that level. Itis possible that the kiva was much deeper than now 
appears, as no sign of the usual interior bench can be seen above the 
present ground surface, nor can any connection with the chimney-like 
structure to the south of it be determined, yet such connection must 
have existed. Probably not only this kiva but the whole ruin would 
well repay excavation. 
The interior of the kiva was not exactly circular, being a little elon- 
gated northeast and southwest. The inclosing wall on the east is still 
standing in one place to a height of 5 feet above the top of the kiva 
structure, and about a foot above that level is marked by a setback, 
which reduces its thickness. Apparently the upper part was added at 
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