116 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY _ [etH. ayn.16 
another of these cists, of large size, occurs west of the principal kiva; 
but the ruin as a whole contains much less evidence of Navaho work 
than those farther down the canyon. 
Many of the walls are built entirely of small pieces of stone, not more 
than 3 or 4 inches long by 2 inches wide and half an inch to an inch and 
a half thick. This construction is especially noticeable in inner walls. 
The joints are carefully plastered, evidently with the hand, but the 
mud is seldom allowed to cover the stone. It appears to have been 
applied externally, in pellets about the size of a walnut. The general 
thickness of walls is about 15 inches, although on the intermediate 
ledge they are over 2 feet, but some of the less important walls con- 
sist of a single layer, 6 to 8 inches thick. Walls are sometimes seen 
here supported by vertical timbers incorporated in them after the 
manner later described at some length. Ends of logs project here 
and there from the débris on the slope, but probably many of them 
are the débris of roofs. 
The peculiar and anomalous features presented by the remains on 
the intermediate ledge seem to require some explanation. This por- 
tion of the ruin is not only different from the other portions, but differ- 
ent also from anything else in the canyon, and the difference is not one 
of degree only. Doubtless systematic excavation in the various parts 
of the ruin would afford an explanation. In the absence of such work 
we can only speculate on the problem. 
The occurrence of two chimney-like shafts in connection with the 
rectangular rooms west of the tower is significant. Nowhere else in 
the canyons, except in the Casa Blanca ruin, do these structures occur, 
so far as known, except in connection with circular kivas. As regards 
the ruin named, it is almost certain that it was occupied in the historie¢ 
period, probably in the seventeenth century. 
The division of the ruin into three separate parts, the absence of 
kivas in the western cove, and the method of access to that portion all 
attract attention. If there were monks or other Spaniards in the set- 
tlement, the explanation would be plain; they and those of the natives 
allied with them would occupy the central ledge, and the anomalous 
features would be natural under the circumstances. Such a hypothe- 
sis would explain also the source of the many unaboriginal features 
which are found in other parts of the canyon, but there is no direct 
evidence to support it. It should be mentioned, however, that the 
walls here rest on about half an inch of substance which resembles 
compacted sheep dung. If the substance is really such, the walls must 
have been built within the historic period. 
At the point marked 48 on the map there is a ruin which resembles 
somewhat in its location an example previously described (page 98). 
It is situated in a cove in a jutting point of rock, forming part of the 
talus slope, and is about 20 feet above the bottom, which it over- 
looks. Figure 17 shows the character of the site, and figure 18 is a 
