MINDELEFF) FEATURES OF RUIN 31 i008) 
inside, and appears to have been a chimney or a chimney-like structure 
such as occur in connection with the kivas in other ruins. It will later 
be discussed in detail. 
The circular kiva occupies the western end of that part of the room 
shown in the plan. It was 15 feet in diameter, and is exceptionally 
well built. The wallis standing for about half of its circumference, and 
was So neatly finished that the interior coating of plaster was apparently 
omitted. There are no traces of inclosing rectangular walls; the thiek- 
ness of the kiva walls and the exceptionally large stones used in parts 
of it suggest that the kiva stood alone. So far as the walls remain 
standing, an interior bench can be traced, about 2 feet wide and 6 feet 
below the top of the outside wall. On the southeastern side, in the 
interior, there is a buttress or projection, which terminates the bench 
at this point. 
The walls between the rectangular room described and the circular 
kiva are thin and very irregularly laid out. In front of the rectangular 
room and on the edge of the bench, which is here but a few feet above 
the talus, a rather heavy wall has been built over the top of a rock, 

Fic. 20—Ground plan of ruin No. 31, Canyon de Chelly. 
and inside or to the north of it another wall has been placed, hardly 
2 feet distant. These walls are connected at the eastern end by a thin 
cross wall, now but slightly above the ground surface and notched like 
a doorway. Below the notch a slab of stone has been placed and was 
apparently used as a step. The purpose of these walls is not clear, 
but they may have constituted an entrance or passageway to the vil- 
lage. If so, we have here a very efficient defensive Sp peuians and a 
decided anomaly in cliff-village architecture. 
At the point marked 31 on the map there is a small ruin on a ledge 
about 150 feet above the bottom and difficult of access. The site over- 
looks considerable areas of bottom land on both sides of the canyon, 
and was probably connected with and formed part of a larger ruin on 
the same ledge and east of it, which will next be described. On this 
site there are remains of half a dozen rooms or more and of one circular 
kiva, which was 20 feet in diameter. (See ground plan, figure 20.) 
The site has been much filled up, and the kiva appears as a cylindrical 
depression, flush with the ground outside, but 3 to 5 feet deep inside. 
The walls are rather thin and smoothly plastered inside. On the south 
