MINDELEFF] WALLS ON INSECURE FOUNDATIONS 137 
Figure 56 is the ground plan of a somewhat similar ruin which 
occurs at the point marked 44 on the map. It is situated on the top of 
the talus, against the cliff, and commands a fine outlook over the eculti- 
vable lands in the cove below it and on the canyon bottom proper. There 
are but few wall remains, but two kivas can still bemadeout. Thereis no 
ledge here, and the walls were built on loose débris of rocks and talus. 

Fic. 36—Ground plan of a small ruin, No. 44. 
The builders had some trouble in holding the walls in place, and only 
partly succeeded in doing so. About one-half of the principal kiva is 
standing, showing masonry composed of exceptionally large stones, 
roughly chinked. The other, or western kiva, was similarly constructed, 
and both had interior benches. The front of the western kiya fell 
out, the builders being unable to tie it or to hold it in place on its 

Fie. 37—Ground plan of a ruin on a rocky site. 
locse foundation, and other walls were constructed imside of it, as 
shown on the plan. There were other walls outside the main kiva, 
apparently rectangular inclosing walls. This example is interesting 
because the masonry was constructed on a foundation of loose débris, 
not on bed rock, and the knowledge possessed by the builders was not 
sufficient to enable them to overcome the natural difficulties of the site. 
