156 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE, CHELLY [eH any.16 
stage, when the inhabitants of a number of small villages combined to 
form one large one, this difficulty was increased still more, and it is 
probable that in this stage the construction of outlying farming settle- 
ments attained its maximum development. Often whole villages of 
considerable size, sometimes many miles from the home pueblo, were 
nothing more than farming shelters. These villages, like the single-room 
shelters, were occupied only during the farming season; in the winter 
the inhabitants abandoned them completely and retired to the home 
village. 
Some farming villages; such as those described above, are still in 
use among the pueblos. The little village of Moen-IKapi, attached to 
Oraibi, but 75 miles distant from it, is an example. There are also 
no fewer than three villages in the Zuni country of the same class. 
Nutria, Peseado, and Ojo Caliente are summer villages of the Zuni, 
although distant from that pueblo from 15 to 25 miles. It is signifieant 
that none of these subordinate villages possess a kiva. It is believed 
that the cliff ruins and cavate lodges, which are merely variants of 
each other due to geological conditions, were simply farming shelters 
of another type, produced by a certain topographic environment. 
The importance which it is believed should attach to the site on 
which a ruin is found will be apparent from the above. It was cer- 
tainly a prominent element in the De Chelly group. A study of the 
detailed map here published will illustrate how completely the neces- 
sity for proximity to an area of cultivable land has dominated the 
location of the settlements, large and small; and a visit to the place 
itself would show how little influence the defensive motive has exer- 
cised. Near the mouth of the canyon, where cultivable areas of land 
are not many, there are few ruins, but those which do occur over- 
look such lands. In the middle portion, where good lands are most 
abundant, ruins also are most abundant; while above this, as the rocky 
talus develops more and more, the ruins become fewer and fewer; and 
in the upper parts of the canyon, beyond the area shown on the map, 
they are located at wide distances apart, corresponding to little areas of 
good land so located. Not all of the available land was utilized, and 
only a small percentage of the available sites were built upon. Between 
the mouth of De Chelly and the junction of Monument canyon, 13 miles 
above, there are seventy-one ruins. <A fair idea of their distribution 
may be obtained from a study of the detailed map (plate xLimt), in 
conjunction with the following figures: 
I. Old villages on open sites occur at the points marked 12, 41, 52, 17a, 55, 60, 61, 
and 67; in all, nine sites; principally in the upper part of the canyon. 
Il. Home villages on bottom lands, located without reference to defense, occupy 
sites 5, 4, 17, 20, 28, 48, and 51; in all, seven sites. Probably there are many 
more ruins of this class and the preceding, now so far obliterated as to be over- 
looked or indistinguishable, 
III. Home villages on defensive sites occur at the points marked 5, 10, 13, 15, 16, 27, 
31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 44, 47,59, 62, and 66; in all, seventeen. This includes many 
sites where the settlements were very small, often only afew rooms, but there 
is always at least one kiva. 
