186 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY [ETH. ANN. 16 
especially worthy of attention because they are attached to rectangular 
rooms, which there is no reason to suppose were kivas. ‘The first room 
appears to have had a shaft only, without a niche or recess; the second 
room west of the tower had a recess and a rounded shaft, while the 
third room had neither recess nor shaft. 
The usual form of this feature is that shown in figures 80 and 81, 
and consists only of a tunnel and shaft. There are not many exam- 
ples in the canyons: altogether there may be a dozen now visible, 
but excavations in the village ruins would doubtless reveal others. 
Except the two in Mummy Cave ruin last mentioned, and some doubt- 




Fic. 82—Plan of the principal kiva in Mummy Cave ruin. 
ful examples to be described later, they occur always as attachments 
to kivas, never to houses. Some of them, like the Mummy Cave exam- 
ple, were certainly built at the same time as the kivas, of which they 
formed a part; others were added to kivas after those structures had 
been completed and used. 
The kiva in Casa Blanea ruin (shown in figure 14) appears to have 
had an appendage of this sort, not constructed after the usual manner, 
but added outside the rectangular wall and composed of mud or adobe. 
At three other places in the lower ruin these structures are found, all 
constructed of mud or adobe and all attached to adobe walls. It is 
