198 THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY _ [e7Ts.ann.16 
and that the ruins were in no sense defensive structures. Kivas are 
found only in permanent settlements, and the presence of two or three 
of them in a small settlement comprising a total of five or six rooms 
implies, first, that the little village was the home of two or more fami- 
lies, and, second, that there was comparative if not entire immunity 
from hostile incursions. If the conditions were otherwise, these small 
settlements would have combined into larger ones, as was done in 
other regions. Probably these small settlements with several kivas 
mark a late period in the use of outlying sites. The position of the 
kivas in some of the settlements on defensive sites, and their arrange- 
ment across the front of the cove, suggest that such sites were first 
used for outlooks, and that their occupaney by regular villages came 
at a later period. 
All of the now available traditions of the Navaho and of the Hopi 
Indians support the conclusions reached from a study of the intrinsic 
evidence of the ruins, that they represent a comparatively late period 
in the history of pueblo architecture. It appears that some at least of 
the ruins are of Hopi origin. It is certain that the ruins were not 
oceupied at one time, nor by one tribe or band. 
As criteria in development or in time the cliff ruins are valueless, 
except in a certain restricted way. They represent simply a phase of 
pueblo life, due more to the geological character of the region occupied 
than to extraordinary conditions, and they pertain partly to the old 
villages, partly to the more modern, Apparently they reached their 
greatest (not their highest) development in the period immediately pre- 
ceding the last well-defined stage in the growth of pueblo architecture, 
a stage in which most of the pueblos were at the time of their discovery 
by the Spaniards, and in which some of them are now. Reliance for 
defense was had on the site oceupied, and outlying settlements for 
horticultural purposes were very numerous, as they must necessarily be 
also in the last stage—the aggregation of many related villages into 
one great cluster. 
The cliff outlooks in Canyon de Chelly and in other regions, the 
cavate lodges of New Mexico and Arizona, the “watch towers” of the 
San Juan and of the Zuni country, tle summer villages attached to 
many of the pueblos, the single-room remains found everywhere, even 
the brush shelters or “kisis” of Tusayan, are all functionally anal- 
ogous, and all are the outgrowth of certain industrial requirements, 
which were essentially the same throughout the pueblo country, but 
whose product was modified by geological and topographical condi- 
tions. In the cliff ruins of De Chelly we have an interesting and most 
instructive example of the influence of a peculiar and sometimes adverse 
environment on a primitive people, who entered the region with pre- 
conceived and, as it were, fully developed ideas of house construction, 
and who left it before those ideas were brought fully in accord with the 
environment, but not before they were influenced by it. 
