FEWKES] DIFFERENCES IN ACCESSORIES 297 
Of all the suggestions that have been offered to explain the paho 
on comparative grounds, none seem to me more worthy of acceptance 
than that it is a sacrifice by symbolic substitute. The folktales of the 
Pueblos are not without reference to human sacrifice, and offerings of 
corn or meal would be natural among an agricultural peoplelikethe Hopi. 
Substitutes for human sacrifices to the gods were sometimes made by 
the Aztecs in the form of dough images, so that the method by substitu- 
tion, common in Europe, was not unknown in America. When occasion 
demanded, the Hopi legend says, they sacrificed a child and their chief, 
but in these days sacrifice has come to be a symbolic substitute of 
products of the field—corn, flour, or pahos—still retaining, however, 
the names “male” and “female,” and with a human face painted on one 
end of the prayer-stick. 
: THE KISt 
Each of the four pueblos of ‘Tusayan where the Snake dance is cele- 
brated has a kisi or bower made of cottonwood boughs, near which the 
Snake dance is celebrated, and in which the reptiles are confined before 
they are carried about the plaza. These kisis are all very similar in 
their construction, the only difference which I have detected being the 
use of cornstalks! and reeds with the cottonwood boughs in the Oraibi 
celebration. All were closed in front by a wagon-sheet or cloth. 
The kisi at Oraibi is placed in the open space west of the town, that 
of Cipaulovi in the main plaza, and that of Cunopavi in the plaza 
between the westernmost and inner row of houses. The vicinity of the 
kisi to a shrine is peculiar to Cipaulovi. 
SNAKE WHIPS 
The snake whips of the Middle Mesa puebles are made of two sticks 
instead of one, as at Walpi, and in some instances have attached pack- 
ets of cornhusk, presumably containing prayer-meal, which are absent 
on the Walpi snake whips. These may thus be regarded as true pahos 
or prayer-sticks, The neat little fringed bags of buckskin, in which 
the Snake priests of Walpi carry their sacred meal, I did not see at 
Cipaulovi or Oraibi, where the meal bags were large and coarse. 
SNAKE KILTS 
The snake kilts vary in no important detail in the different villages, 
except that they are sometimes made of deer or antelope skin, some- 
times of cloth, but are always stained red. The zigzag figure in the 
middle of the kilt is decorated with crossbars alternating with tripod 
figures, or simple parallel lines. The kilts of the Middle Mesa and 
Oraibi generally have these bars extending across the figure of the 

1Tn the Sia variant cornstalks are said to be used in the construction of the ‘‘grotto,’’ which Mrs 
Stevenson describes as ‘‘a conical structure of cornstalks bearing ripe fruit.’’ This “grotto” I 
regard as the Sia equivalent of the Tusayan kisi. 
