CALAMOCERATIDE. 
exterior framework ; the spaces between the corners of the square 
exterior and the silken tube are filled with silk. At the caudal 
end of the case, figure 148 A, the tube narrows abruptly, leaving a 
circular opening about one-half mm. in diameter. So toughly 
made are these cases that they persist without deterioration from 
season to season after their occupants have left them. 
FAMILY CALAMOCERATIDé. 
This small family is represented in North America by but 
eight described species. Other members of the family, except 
two species in Europe, occur in remote countries where little or 
nothing has been done with the immature stages. 
For this reason it is impossible to assemble a group of family 
characters with any degree of certainty that they will include all 
of the species of the family when these become known. 
Ganonema americanum, the only known American larva, is 
described below. 
GANONEMA AMERICANUM. 
Hasirat.—The larve are abundant in the alder-bordered 
streams of Michigan Hollow and McLean Swamp. 
Hasits.—The larve are active during the summer, fall, and 
winter. In February, with the thermometer below 20° Fahr., 
they were apparently as active as during the heat of summer. By 
the end of April they had left the middle of the stream and had 
firmly attached the anterior ends of their cases to solid supports 
near the stream’s margin. At this time flat stones were fastened 
over both ends of their cases—a frequent practice of the larve at 
all seasons during periods of rest. 
The wood-boring habits of this species may, when we are 
familiar with more species, prove a not uncommon method of 
case-making. I have found identical cases in streams on the West- 
ern slope of the central range of the Colombian Andes, and also 
in the Valley of the Magdalena River, east of this range. Similar 
habits are described and figured by G. V. Hudson, in ‘““New Zea- 
land Neuroptera,” 1904, for Triplectides obsoleta (Pseudonema 
obsoleta) of the family Leptoceride. Hudson, however, states 
that T. obsoleta under natural conditions sometimes constructs 
cases of fragments of leaves. 
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