1898] Pleistocene Geology in Ottawa Valley. 215 



of the Champlain submergence was not less than four hundred 

 and seventy-five feet above the sea and was probably higher. 

 Beaches undoubtedly belonging to this submergence have been 

 found near Renfrew, and also at about four hundred and fifty 

 feet at Pembroke, and also at about five hundred and thirty feet 

 at Mackey's Station on the Ottawa River. Between Hudson 

 Bay and Lake Superior shells of the same age have been found 

 up to four hundred and fifty feet above the sea, and within one 

 hundred and fifty miles of the lake. The upper limit of the sub- 

 mergence was probably still higher. It seems almost certain 

 that during the Chami)lain submergence the sea extended far up 

 the Ottawa valley, probably reaching the head of Lake Temis- 

 caming." He says, however, that within the area no continuous 

 tracing of the marine beaches has been made. 



saxicava sand. 



The Saxicava sand is also well represented in the Ottawa 

 valley. It is a shallow water or shore deposit, and where a 

 section is complete rests on the Leda clay. It is yellow or 

 brownish and varies from fine sand to coarse gravel. Sometimes 

 there is a distinct line between this formation and the Leda clay, 

 while in other places the one runs into the other. It is at the 

 junction of the two that the fossils are most plentiful Exposures 

 of this sand are abundant everywhere in this valley, and in many 

 places nothing else is seen for a long distance. Many such 

 areas weie noted in Renfrew county, but no fossils were seen_ 

 In a cutting a short distance north of Chelsea Station on the 

 Gatineau Valley Railway there is a narrow seam of coarse yel- 

 low sand which in places is lull of shells of Saxicava rugosa and 

 Macoma fragilis. Near this seam, if not in it, a small perfect 

 shell of Leda arctica was found, and in a higher bank -of Leda 

 clay a fragment of a Balanus, probably Hanieri. These deposits 

 attain a height of four hundred and twenty-five feet at this 

 point. About half a mile west of Carp station this sand forms 



