42 MAMMALIA. 
Varieties of the Human Species(a). 
Although the promiscuous intercourse of the human species, which pro- 
duces individuals capable of propagation, would seem to demonstrate its 
{Kk (a) Notwithstanding the high character of Cuvier, as a founder of classes, yet 
the arrangement established by Blumenbach of the varieties of the human species 
has been universally adopted. In this classification the varieties are five, viz— 
I. The Caucasian, which comprehends the ancient and modern inhabitants of 
Europe, the Western Asiatics, or those of this side of the Caspian Sea, and of the 
rivers Obi and the Ganges, together with the Northern Africans. The characters of 
this race are as follows:—The head is nearly the figure of a globe; the forehead is 
high and expanded; the cheek bones are without prominences; the nose is narrow 
and slightly aquiline; the face is oval and straight; the mouth small, with lips 
slightly everted; the skin is white, and the cheeks florid; the hair is long, soft, and 
shining, and varies in colour, from a nut-brown to the deepest black.—There are 
thirty-eight crania of this variety in the Hunterian Museum, London College of 
Surgeons. (See Plate 1. Mammatia, Fig. 1. The portrait of Jusuf Aguiah 
Efendi, a Turk, and once Ambassador from the Sublime Porte at the Court of 
London). 
Il. Zhe Mongolian, commonly called the Tartarian, takes in the Finnish tribes in- 
habiting the colder parts of the north of Europe, such as the Laplanders and Esqui- 
maux, and also the Asiatics not included in the Caucasian variety, so that it com- 
prehends the Chinese, but not the Malays. The head approximates to a quadrilateral 
figure; the face broad and flattened, so that the parts appear to run into each other; 
the nose is small and flat, and the space between the eyes flat and broad; the cheek- 
bones are rounded and projecting; the aperture made by the eye-lids is narrow, and 
its line extends towards the temples, the internal angle of the eye being depressed 
towards the nose, and the upper eye-lid being at that angle continued into the lower 
one by a rounded sweep; the skin is pale olive, and the hair is thin, black, stiff, 
and straight.—There are nine crania of this variety in the Hunterian Museum. 
(See Plate I. Mammania, Fig. 2. The portrait of Feodor Iwanowitsch, a Cal- 
muck, who was sent, when young, by the Empress of Russia to the Hereditary 
Princess of Baden; was educated at Carlsruhe, and became a famous engraver at 
Rome). 
IIL. The Athiopian, consists of all the Africans not included in the Caucasian divi- 
sion, and these partake more or less of the negro character. The front of the head 
is compressed laterally, and looks as if the forehead were removed, being, in this 
respect, a perfect contrast with the globular form of the head of the Caucasian va- 
riety. The entire cranium is contracted anteriorly, its cavity is considerably les- 
sened; the foramen magnum, and the condyles at its circumference, are placed 
farther back towards the occipital region; there is great developement of the face, and 
great prominence of the jaws, particularly of their alveolar margins and teeth, the 
upper incisors are oblique; the chin recedes, and the zygomatic arch projects to- 
wards the front; the skin is brown, black, and sometimes yellow, and the hair is 
deep black, crisp, and curly.—There are ten crania of this variety in the Hunterian 
Museum. (See Plate I. Mammauia, Fig. 3. The portrait of J. J. E. Capitein, 
a negro, who received holy orders in Holland). 
IV. The American, includes all the inhabitants of the vast continent of North and 
South America, excepting those of the northern part of the continent, and some of 
the islands, particularly the Caribbee. The cheeks are broad, but the malar bones 
are more rounded and arched than in the Mongolian race; the forehead is small and 
low; the orbits of the eye are unusually deep, and the nasal cavity is very large. 
The Caribs were in the habit of lowering the forehead by employing artificial pres- 
sure on the head in early infaney; hence, in this community, the characteristic 
feature of the American variety, the low forehead, is much more strikingly marked 
than in any other class of Americans.—There are five crania of this variety in the 
Hunterian Museum. (See Plate I. Mammauia, Fig. 4. The portrait of Thay 
Endaneega, a chief of the Mohawks, or Six Nations). 
V. The Malay, embraces the whole of the natives of the numerous Asiatic islands, 
and of those of the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, New Holland, &c. Their head is 
