46 MAMMALIA. 
ORDER II. 
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QUADRUMANA. 
INDEPENDENTLY of the anatomical details which distinguish it from man, 
and which have been given, this family differs from our species in a very 
remarkable way. All the animals belonging to it have the toes of the 
hind feet free and opposable to the others, and the toes are all as long and 
flexible as fingers. In consequence of this, the whole species climb trees 
with the greatest facility, while it is only with pain and difficulty they can 
stand and walk upright; their foot then resting on its outer edge only, 
and their narrow pelvis being unfavourable to an equilibrium. They all 
have intestines very similar to those of man; the eyes directed forwards, 
the mammez on the breast, the penis pendent. The brain has three lobes 
on each side, the posterior of which covers the cerebellum, and the tem- 
poral fosse are separated from the orbits by a bony partition. In every 
thing else, however, they gradually lessen in resemblance to him, by as- 
suming a muzzle more and more elongated, and a tail and a gait more like 
that of quadrupeds. Notwithstanding this, the freedom of their arms and 
the complication of their hands allow them all to perform many of the ac- 
tions of man as well as to imitate his gestures. 
They have long been divided jnto two genera, the Monkeys and the 
Lemurs, which, by the multiplication of secondary forms, have now be- 
come two small families, between which we must place a third genus, that 
of the Ouistitis, as it is not conveniently referable to the one or the 
other. 
Sintra, Lin. 
The monkeys are all quadrumana, which have four straight incisors in 
each jaw, and flat nails on all the extremities; two characters which ap- 
proximate them more nearly to man than the subsequent genera; their 
molares have also blunt tubercles like ours, and their food consists chiefly 
of fruits. Their canine teeth, however, being longer than the rest, sup- 
ply them with a weapon we do not possess, and which require a hollow in 
the opposite jaw, to receive them when the mouth is closed. 
They may be divided, from the number of their molar teeth, into two prin- 
cipal subgenera, which are again subdivided into numerous groups*. The 
* Buffon subdivided the monkeys into five tribes: the true monkeys, without tails; 
the baboons, with short tails; the guenons, with long tails and callous buttocks; the 
sapajous, with long prehensile tails and no callus; the sagowins, with long tails, not 
prehensile and without callus. Erxleben, adopting this division, translated these 
names by simia, papio, cercopithecus, cebus, and callithrix. Thus it is, that the names 
