162 MAMMALIA. 
south of Africa. We have scen a female Zebra successively pro- 
duce with the Horse and the Ass. 
E. quaccha, Gm. Buff. Supp. VII. vii. (The Couagga). Re- 
sembles the Horse more than the Zebra, but comes from the same 
country. The hair on the neck and shoulders is brown, with whitish. 
transverse stripes; the croup is of a reddish-grey; tail and legs” 
whitish, The name is expressive of its voice, which resembles the 
barking of a Dog. 
E. montanus, Burchell; the Onagga or Dauw, Fred. Cuv. 
Mammif. (The Onagga). An African species, smaller than the 
Ass, but having the beautiful form of the Couagga; its colour is 
isabella, with black stripes, alternately wider and narrower, on the 
head, neck, and body. Those behind slant obliquely forwards; legs 
and tail white, 
ORDER VIII. 
——— 
RUMINANTIA.* 
Tuis order is perhaps the most natural and best determined of the class, 
for nearly all the animals which compose it have the appearance of being 
constructed on the same model, the Camels alone presenting some trifling 
exceptions to the general characters. 
The first of these characters is the absence of incisors, except in the 
lower jaw, where they are nearly always eight in number. A callous pad 
is substituted for them above. Between the incisors and the molars is a 
vacant space, where, in some genera only, are found one or two canines. 
The molars, almost always six throughout, have their crown marked with 
two double crescents, the convexity of which is turned inwards in the 
upper, and outwards in the lower ones. 
The four feet are terminated by two toes and two hoofs which face each 
other by a flat surface presenting the appearance of a single hoof which 
has been cleft, whence the name of cloven-footed, bifurcated, &c., which 
is applied to these animals. 
Behind the hoof are sometimes found two small spurs, the vestiges of 
lateral toes. The two bones of the metatarsus and metacarpus are united 
into one called the cannon (a), but in certain species there are also ves- 
tiges of lateral metatarsal and metacarpal bones. 
* The Pecora, Lin. 
(a) The cannon bone, it is well known, of the horse, is the shank-bone of the 
leg, and, when fitted with the pastern, the two constitute a perfect hinge, destined to 
be a medium of extension and of flexion of the limb, whilst no lateral motion is ad- 
mitted by them.—En«. Ep. 
