194: MAMMALIA. 
be assimilated in a greater or less degree, to one or otner of tne following typical 
forms; viz. Man, the Lion, the Horse, the Whale, and the Mouse. I shall shew 
hereafter how these five orders form a continued series returning into itself, so as to 
be a natural group. In the mean time I must recall to the attention of the reader 
the orders of birds, as defined and arranged by Mr. Vigors; and to which definitions 
and arrangement I have just applied so severe a test, only to corroborate their ac- 
. curacy, and to make them display additional harmony. 
‘When we have heard the Parrot, or Mainate, speaking; when we have witnessed 
the former feeding itself as it were with a hand; when, in short, we have reflected on 
the remarkable intelligence and development of brain throughout the whole order of 
Insessores, to which both birds belong, there has been no one, perhaps, dull enough 
not to compare them to Primates. I allow, indeed, that it is difficult to follow the 
opinion of the great naturalist of France, who, ignorant of the true nature of rela- 
tions of analogy, imagined that the Psittaceous tribe of birds ought to occupy the 
first step in the scale of nature below man; but we cannot help adopting the notion 
of Linneus, in the ‘Systema Nature,’ that, although not near him in construction, 
they are yet analogous to him in various important respects. And, adopting this 
notion, we must place the whole order of Insessores, to which Psittacus belongs, op- 
posite to the Primates, of which Man forms the type. 
‘The analogies existing between birds of prey and carniverous quadrupeds having 
been noticed by Aristotle, who called both groups Gampsonucha, were enlarged upon 
by Plutarch. Among a host of moderns, who have been struck with the resem- 
blance, I may particularly mention Linnzus, who, in his ‘Systema Nature,’ has 
expressly called his Accipitres ‘ Feris analogi;’ and Buffon, who has treated the 
subject at length, and with his usual eloquence. I conceive, therefore, that no one 
can object to the propriety of my placing the Ferz opposite to the Raptores. 
‘The analogy between aquatic birds and aquatic mammalia scarcely requires the 
mention of the authority of Linnzus to make it be granted. It is indeed so evident, 
that Hermann, according to his custom, takes it for a relation of affinity. In both 
orders the anterior appendages of the vertebral axis dwindling into fins, and the two 
undivided posterior appendages being placed so far behind on the axis as to shew 
that both were intended for motion in the water rather than on land, are circum- 
stances of themselves sufficient to authorize the placing of the Cetacea opposite to 
the Natatores. 
‘ Two orders still remain in each class to be considered: the Glires and Ungulata 
among the mammalia; and among birds, the Rasores and Grallatores. The relations 
of analogy pointed out by Linnzus between mammalia and birds are, as Hermann 
has observed, not always correct: and his errors have arisen from the misfortune of 
his not detecting the natural group of Aristotle and Ray, which the latter has called 
Ungulata. Having only been able to seize Aristotle’s subdivision of this group, he 
lost the parallelism of analogy, and fell, as I shall hereafter shew, into very glaring 
mistakes. In the ‘ Systema Nature,’ however, he has mentioned that very striking 
analogy which appears between his groups of Gralla and Bruta: that is, according 
to the parallelish of analogy between the orders of Grallatores and Ungulata, since 
the Bruta, as we have seen, do not form an order, but only a natural subdivision of 
the Ungulata. That this analogy is demonstrably true, I deduce from the following 
facts. Of their respective classes, the orders of Ungulata and Grallatores contain 
examples of the longest legs in proportion to the body—witness Camelopardalis and 
Hemantopus. Both orders present us, in groups not exactly aquatic, with instancss 
of the toes soldered together, as in the horse; or connected together by a web, as in 
the Flamingo. Both orders present us with the greatest elongation of muzzle or fa- 
cies—witness Myrmecophaga, or Antilope (particularly 4. bubalus, L.), and Scolopax; 
and also with the most depressed form of muzzle—witness Hippopotamus and Pla- 
teala, which genera also afford us the truest specimens of Wading Vertebrata. In 
both orders we have the most elongated claws—witness Megalonyx and Parra. Both 
orders afford us the swiftest animals in running—as the Horse and Tachydromus; 
and the most pugnacious on account of love—as the Bull and Machetes. ~The Bull, 
moreover, and the Butor (or Bostaurus, for hence comes the bird’s name), afford 
us the loudest and hoarsest voice of their respective orders: where we have also the 
most remarkable instances of the upper and under mandibles touching each other 
merely at their base and point; as Myrmecophaga, or the whole of the ta men ouk 
amphodonta of Aristotle, and Anastomus, Illig. Both orders exhibit ornamental ap- 
pendages to the head—as the antlers of the stag and the crown of the crane; and 
