CETACEA. 195 
both orders afford us the only instances of true horns—as Bos or Ithinoceros, and 
Palamedea, L. To see a hundred instances of resemblance, it is only necessary to 
walk into a museum. I shall, therefore, only further say, that both orders contain 
polygamous animals, are generally gregarious, and more graminivorous than grani- 
vorous, being essentially inhabitants of marshes and savannahs. Thus, then, with 
Linnzus, I place the Bruta, or rather the whole order of Ungulata to which they 
belong, opposite to the Grallatores. 
‘ Four orders in each class being now disposed of, it follows by parallelism of ana- 
logy, that the Glires ought to be placed opposite to the Rasores. But, setting this 
theory aside, is this position true in fact?* 
‘ Linneus, from the above-mentioned error in his series of affinity, considered the 
Rasores to be analogous to his group of Pecora. But this group, according to Aris- 
totle and Ray, is only a subdivision of Ungulata, which have, I consider, been now 
proved to be analogous to the Grallatores, If, therefore, Linnzeus be right in mak- 
ing his Bruta analogous to the order of Wading Birds, it follows that his Pecora 
must be so also. 
‘The analogy of the Rasores to the ruminating animals was first, I believe, men- 
tioned by Linnzus in the ‘Systema Nature.’ It has since his days been copied 
and copied, until now it almost becomes a sort of heresy to inquire into its accuracy. 
I am not, however, aware that any reason for this analogy has ever been assigned, 
beyond the fa¢t, that one order affords the principal part of those birds which are do- 
mesticated by man for purposes of food; and the other, the principal part of quadru- 
peds which are destined to the same purpose. Now, granting even this domestica- 
tion not to be the work of art, but to be an analogy really existing in nature, I would 
observe, setting the whole family of Anatidz aside, that the Glires afford us many 
eatable or domesticated animals, such as the Capromys and rabbit: and the Gralla- 
tores afford us similar instances in the Snipe and Psophia. If some Rasores be said, 
like the Pecora, to have ornamental appendages to the head, so it must be remem- 
bered has the crowned cane; whereas no rasorial bird is truly horned, like the Pala- 
medea. But it may be worth while to take into consideration successively the grand 
characteristics of the Rasores, as given by ornithologists to distinguish them from all 
other birds. 
‘The Rasores are, properly speaking, frugivorous birds; by which I do not mean 
eating fruits only, but all manner of seeds or grain. Now, this character of being 
frugivorous applies much more to the Glires than the Ungulata, which are truly 
herbivorous, and only feed on grain in an artificial or domesticated state. To begin, 
then, with the rasorial or scratching powers of gallinaceous fowls; these are certainly 
the most burrowing of frugivorous birds: now the most burrowing of frugivorous 
quadrupeds are certainly not the Ungulata, but the Glires. These birds are charac- 
terized by the shortness of their wings and the weakness of their pectoral muscles. 
Now, if we inquire whether it is among the Glires or Ungulata that we find the cor- 
responding appendages of the vertebral axis, that is, the fore feet most shortened, 
the answer will be, certainly not among the Ungulata! where, on the contrary, the 
Giraffe has them extraordinarily lengthened: but among the Glires we have the 
Jerboa, in this respect almost a bird. In general, moreover, this latter order is distin- 
guished, like the Rasores, by the strength of those muscles of the two posterior ap- 
pendages of the vertebral axis or hind feet, that contribute to locomotion. Grega- 
rious habits distinguish the most of the Rasores; so they do in a still more extra- 
ordinary manner the Glires, Many are insectivorous in both orders, and some are 
omnivorous. The muzzle or facies of Glires is short and round, very like that of 
Fere, there being a direct relation between these two orders. The facies of Rasores is 
also short and round, very like that of Raptores (the order analogous to that of Fera); 
and there is also a direct relation between these two orders. Many Rasores perch 
and nestle on trees; so do many of the Glires. The Rasores generally feed on hard 
grain, which they pick up with their hooked beak, and masticate in a triturating 
gizzard: the Glires feed also on hard substances, which they gnaw with their strong 
hooked incisors, and mastieate with their grinders. In both orders the thumb is 
* ‘The antient name of Struthio Camelus, as well as the form and habits ef the 
ostrich, show indeed a relation of analogy to the camel; but then we are to recollect, 
in the first place, that the ostrich is at the osculant point, or confines of the orders of 
Gralle and Rasores; and secondly, that such slight variations of the parellelism of 
analogy often appear, although I think it possible that even these are subject to rule.’ 
