PASSERINA. 959 
grey beneath; breast spotted with black; two pale, transverse bands 
on the wing. 
The thumb nail of others is exactly that of an alauda, and they gene- 
rally remain on the ground. 
A. pratensis, Bechst.; Alauda pratensis, Gm.; Alouette de pré, 
Enl. 661, 2*; Naum. 84, 8 and 85,1. Olive-brown above, whitish 
beneath; brown spots on the breast and flanks; whitish eyebrows; 
edges of the external quills of the tail white. It prefers low or in- 
undated meadows, and builds among reeds and tufts of grass. It 
becomes excessively fat in autumn by feeding on grapes, and is sought 
for at that period in France by the name of Bee-figue and Vinette+. 
We shall terminate this family of the Dentirostres with some birds 
distinguished from all preceding ones by their two external toes, which 
are united at their base for about a third of their length, a circumstance 
which approximates them to the family of the Syndactyli. 
Pipra, Lin. 
The Manakins have a compressed bill, higher than it is broad, and 
emarginated; large nasal fosse. Their feet and tail are short; the ge- 
neral proportions of their form have long caused them to be considered as 
very similar to the titmouse. At their head, but in a separate group, 
should be placed, 
Rupicota, Briss. 
The Rock Manakins, or Cocks of the Rock, which are large birds, and 
have a double vertical crest on the head, formed of feathers arranged like 
afan. The adult males of the two American species, Pipra rupicola, Gm. 
Enl. 39 and 747; Vieill. Gal. 189, and Pip. peruviana, Lath. Enl. 745, 
are of a most splendid orange colour; the young of an obscure brown. 
They live on fruit, scratch the ground like the common hen, and construct 
their nests with pieces of dry wood, in the depths of rocky caverns. The 
female lays two eggs. 
CatypromENEs, Horsfield. 
Only differs from the preceding by the feathers on the head not being dis- 
posed like a fan; this same character, in a minor degree, may be observed 
in the Pip. peruviana. 
There is a species found in the archipelago of India of the most 
beautiful emerald green—Cal. viridis, Horsf. Jav., which is not larger 
than a thrush. 
* Improperly called Alouette pipi; Nauman refers this figure to his Anthus aqua- 
ticus, of which he thinks itis the young male. We may observe, that the synonymes 
of this subgenus are not less obscure than those of the Fauvettes. 
+ Add the Anthus aquaticus, Naum. 85, 2, 34;—La Rousseline (Anth. Campestris), 
Enl. 661, 1; Naum. 84, 1; or Alauda mosellana, Lath., of which the young is called 
Fist in Provence, Enl.654, 1 (Motac. massiliensis, Gm.) See Roux, p. 292;—the Anth. 
Richardi, Vieill. Id. 101, and Roux, 189, 190. Among those foreign to Europe place 
the Alauda capensis, Enl. 504, 2;—Al. rufa, 1b. 238, 1; probably the rubra, Edw. 
297 ;—Anthus rufulus, Vieill. Gal. 161. 
