278 BIRDS. 
Royston Crow). Cinereous; head, wings, and tail, black. It is less 
frugivorous, frequents the sea shore, and feeds upon shell fish, &c. 
Nauman assures us that it often couples with the Black Crow, and 
that the offspring reproduces. 
C. monedula, L.; Le Choucas, &c., Enl. 525; Naum. 56, 1. 
(The Jackdaw). A fourth smaller than the preceding ones; about 
the size of a pigeon: of a less intense black, which, around the neck 
and under the belly even, verges on cinereous; sometimes all black. 
It builds in steeples, old towers, &c., lives in flocks, feeds on the 
same substances as the Crows, and is frequently found with them. 
Birds of prey have no enemy more vigilant than the Jackdaw*. 
Pica, Cuv. 
The Pies are less than the Cornix; the upper mandible is also more 
arcuated than the other, and the tail long and cuneiform. 
Corvus pica, L.; Enl. 488; Naum.56, 2. (The Magpie of Eu- 
rope). <A beautiful bird, of a silky black colour, with purple, blue, 
and gold reflections; the belly is white, and there is a large spot of 
the same colour on the wing. Its eternal chattering has rendered it 
notorious. It prefers living in inhabited places, where it feeds on all 
sorts of materials, sometimes attacking the smaller birds of the poul- 
try yards}. 
Garrutus, Cuv. 
The two mandibles of the Jays are but little elongated, terminating in 
a sudden, and nearly equal curve; when the tail is cuneiform it is not very 
long, and the loose and slender feathers of the forehead stand more or less 
erect when the bird is angry. 
Corvus glandarius, L.; Enl. 481; Naum. 58, 1. (The Jay of 
Europe). Is a fine bird of a vinous grey, with mustachios, and the 
quills of the tail, black; particularly remarkable for a large spot of 
dazzling blue, striped with a deep shade of the same colour, which 
marks a part of the wing coverts. It feeds chiefly on the acorn, and 
of all birds shews the greatest penchant for imitating all kinds of 
® The Jackdaw terminates the tribes of the true Crows, because its upper mandible is 
hardly more arcuated than the lower one. Add to this tribe the Corvus jamaicensis, or 
Corneille a duvet blanc;—Le C. dauricus, Enl. 327; the C. scapulatus, Daud. Vaill. 53, 
which M. Temm. thinks differs from the preceding; the albicollis, Lath., or Corbivau, 
which, from its high, compressed, trenchant-backed bill, might constitute a separate 
subgenus, Vaill. 50;—the C. splendens of India, Vieill. Col. 425, remarkable for the 
instinct which prompts it to search for lice among the feathers of the Vulture (the 
Chagoun), who willingly permits it;—the C. columbianus, Wils. III, xx, fig. 2;—the 
C. nasicus, Tem. Col. 413;—the C. ossifragus, Wils. V, xxxviii, f. 2, if it really differ 
from the cornix. 
f+ Add the Corvus senegalensis, Enl. 538 ;—C. ventralis, Sh.; Vaill. Afr. 58;—C. 
erythrorhynchos, Enl. 622, and better, Vaill. Afr. 57;—C. cayanus, Enl. 378;—C. pe- 
ruvianus, Enl. 625;—C. cyaneus, Pall. Vaill. Afr. 58, 2;—C. rufus, Vaill. Afr. 59;— 
the Acahe, Azz. (Corvus pileatus, Illig.), Col. 58, or Pica chrysops, Vieill. Gal. 101;— 
the G. gubernatrix, Tem. Col. 436;—the Corv. axureus, T. Col. 168;—the Pie geng. 
(C. cyanopogon, P. Max.), Col. 169. 
