288 BIRDS. 
The stems of the primary wing-quills are singularly widened in some of 
them*, and among those which have none of these ornaments, we may 
still distinguish the fork-tailed species}, some of which have their very 
long lateral quills widened at the end}. 
Among those which have a square or slightly emarginated tail, 
there is one worthy of notice from its extreme smallness, the 
Troch. minimus, Enl. 276,1; Edw. 105; Vieill. 64. It is of a 
violet-grey colour, and about the size of a Bee. 
Another, on the contrary, because it is the largest of the whole 
genus, the 
Troch. gigas, (the Gigantic Fly-Bird), Vieill., Gal. 180, which is 
almost equal in size to the Hirundo apus§. 
Upupa (The Puets), Lin. 
In this genus we will first place, 
Freertus || (The Cranes), Cuv. 
Where the nostrils are covered with feathers directed forwards, frat 
which circumstance several authors have placed these birds with the Crows, 
which they also somewhat resemble in their manners; their bill is a little 
longer than the head. 
Corvus graculus, L.; Le crave d'Europe, Enl. 255; Naum. 57, 
2; Vieill. Galer. 163. (The European Crow). The size of a 
Crow; black; red feet and bill; wings reaching to the end of the 
tail or extending beyond it. It inhabits the highest ridges of the 
Alps and Pyrenees, building there among the cliffs or in the fissures 
of the rocks like the Chocard; it is less common, however, and does 
not so often unite in flocks. It feeds both on fruit and insects, and 
when it descends into the valleys, snow or bad weather may be ex- 
pected**, 
* Tr. latipennis, Enl. 672, 2; Vieill. 21;—T'r. ensipennis, Swains. Zool. Ill. 107 ;— 
Tr. falcatus, Ib. 82. 
+ Tr. mellivorus, En]. 640; Edw. 35, Vieill. 23, 24;—Tr. amethystinus, Gm. Enl. 
672, 1;—Tr. furcatus, Enl. 509, 2; Vieill. 34;—Tr. forficatus, Vieill. 60;—Tr. sma- 
ragdo-saphirinus, Vieill. 36, 40;—7r. colubris, Edw. 38; Catesb. 65; Vieill. 31, 32, 33; 
—Tr. Maugeanus, Vieill. 37, 38;—Tr. Langsdorfii, Vieill. 66, 1;—T'r. enicurus, Vieill. 
66, 3;—Tr. mediastinus, Tem. Col. 817;—Orthor. cora, Less. and Garn. 34, 4. 
{ Tr. platurus, Vieill. 52. 
§ Other species with square, or but slightly emarginated tails: Zr. mosquitus, L.; 
Enl. 227, 2;—Tr. carbunculus, Vieill. 54;—Tr. curissia, Enl. 227, 3;—Tr. mellisugus, 
L.; Enl. 640, 2;—7r. rubineus, Gm. Enl. 276, 4, Vieill. 27;—Tr. auritus, Sh. Vieill. 
25;—Tr. collaris, Vieill. 61, 62;—Tr. superbus, Sh.; longirostris, Vieill. 59: Col. 299, 
1;—Tr. mellivorus, 1, Enl. 640, 2;—T7r. leucogaster, Gm. Vieill. 43;—Tr. imbricatus, 
Gm. Vieill. 221;—Tr. albirostris, Vieill. 45;—T7r. viridis, Vieill. 41;—T'r. maculatus, 
Vieill. 44;—Tr. saphyrinus, Sh. Vieill. 85 and 57, 2;—Tr. squamosus, Tem. Col. 
203, 1;—Tr. albicollis, I, Col. 203, 2;—Orthor. Amasili, Less. and Garn. Voy. de la 
Cog. 31, 3. 
|| Vieillot has changed this name for Coracras, which, according to Linneus, is 
that of the Rollers. 
** Tt is impossible to say what combination of the history of this bird with im- 
perfect figures, perhaps of some Curlew, gave birth to the ideal species of the Cravé 
huppé or Sonneur (Corvus eremita, L.), a pretended bird of Switzerland, which has 
never been seen by any one since Gesner. But the Corv. affinis, Lath., appears to 
be a true Fregilus, and we have a totally black species from New Holland. 
