296 BIRDS.. 
P. major; L'Epeiche, Enl. 196; the male, 595, the female, 
Naum. 134. (The Great Spotted Woodpecker). Size of a Thrush, 
varied with black and white above; black back and rump; white be- 
neath; red about the anus; a spot of the same colour on the occiput 
of the male. The calotte of the young bird is almost wholly red; it 
prefers evergreen trees, frequently approaches our dwellings, but 
scarcely ever lights on the ground. 
P. medius; Moyen Epeiche, Enl. 611; Naum. 136, f. 1 and 2. 
Somewhat less; the whole calotte red in both sexes; rump black; 
under part of the tail reddish. Inhabits temperate and southern 
Europe. 
P. minor; Petit Epeiche, En\. 598; Naum. 136, f.2and3. (The 
Little Spotted Woodpecker). Size of a finch; variegated with black 
and white above; greyish-white beneath; some red on the head of 
the male only. From the north and middle of Europe. It is assert- 
ed that it searches for ants on foot, whence it has been called Grass- 
pecker; but Naumann assures us that such is not the fact. 
P. leuconotos, Bechst.; Naum. 135. A spotted Woodpecker from 
the north-east of Europe, somewhat larger than the major, and very 
similar to it; but the lower part of the back and rump are always 
white, and the calotte of the male red. It sometimes wanders as far 
as Germany. 
The species foreign to Europe are very numerous, and have a 
great mutual resemblance, which even extends to certain distributions 
of colour; the red on the head for instance*. 
® Species analogous to the Black Woodpecker: P. pileatus, L. En). 718 ;—P. linea- 
tus, L. Enl. 717;—P. principalis, L. Enl. 690;—P. galeatus, Natter. Co]. 171, four 
closely allied species, to one of which probably belongs the P.melanoleucos, Gm.; 
: Lath. Syn. I, 2, t. xxv;—P. rubricollis, Gm. Enl. 612;—P. robustus, Spix, 44;—P. albi- 
rostris, Id. 45;—P. validus, T. Col. 378, and the female, 402;—P. erythrocephalus, L. 
Enl. 117;—P. pulverulentus, 'T. Col. 389;—P. concretus, Reinw. Col. 90;—P. chilensis, 
Voy. de la Coq. 32;—P. torquatus, Wils. Am. III, xx, 3;—P. dominicanus, Spix, 50. 
Species analogous to the Green Woodpecker: P. percussus, T. Col. 390 and 424, the 
female;—P. bengalensis, L. Enl. 695, of which P. auraatius, Gm. Briss. IV, pl. vi, e 1 
is probably a mere variety;—P. goensis, Gm. Enl. 696;—P. aurulentus, Illig. Col. 59, 
fig. 1. or macrocephalus, Spix, 53, 2;—P. puniceus, Horsf. Col. 423;—P. pentalis, Col. 
384;—P. ceylonus, N. Nat. Forsch. 14, pl. 1;—P. goertan, Gm. Enl. 320;—P. manil- 
lensis, Gm.; Sonner, pl. xxxvi;—P. senegalensis, Gm. Enl. 345, f. 2;—P. passerinus, 
Gm.; Briss. IV, t. iv, f. 2;—P. eects, Nob. Sonn. pl. xxxvii;—P. miniatus, Gm. 
Ind. Zool. t. VI;—P. chlorocephalus, Gm. Enl. 784;—P. exalbidus, Gm. En]. 509;— 
P. cinnamomeus, Gm. Enl. 524;—P. palalaca, Nob. Enl. 691;—P. jumana, Spix, po- 
chraceus and flavicans, Id. 51. 
Species analogous to the Spotted Woodpeckers: P. rubriventris, Vieill. Gal. 27;— 
PR: aes ie L. Enl. Oe varius, Gm. Enl. 785;—P. villosus, Gm. Enl. 754; 
Wils. I, ix, 3;—P. wndosus, N. Enl. 533;—P. pubescens, Gm. Catesb. 31, 11; Wils. I, 
ix, 4. 
Species with a transversely striped bill: P. moluccensis, Gm. Enl. 748, f. 2;—P. bi- 
color, Ib. f. 1;-—P. rufus, Gm. Enl. 694, f. 1, closely allied to the P. fe Bren Gm.; 
Edw. 832;—P. carolinus, Gm. Enl. 597 and 692;—P. cayennensis, Gm. En]. 613;— 
P. melanochloris, Gm. Enl. 719;—P. striatus, Gm. Enl. 281 and 614;—P. superciliaris, 
T. Col. 443;—P. flavescens, Gm.; Brown, IT, pl. .xii, and Spix, 49;—P. cardinalis, 
Sonn., pl. xxxv;—P. querulus, Wils. Am. II, xv, 1;—P. campestris, Spix, 46;—P. 
macei, T. Col. 59, 2. 
We should observe, that these distinctions of analogy, particularly when taken from 
