ACANTIIOPTERYGIANS. 103 



D. volitans; Trigla volitans, L. ; Bl. 351, the Mediterranean 

 species, is a foot long ; brown above ; reddish beneath ; fins black, 

 variously marked with blue. 



D. orientalis, Cuv. Russel, 161, is a neighbouring species from 

 the Indian Ocean. 



Ctlphalacanthes, Lacep. 



Have nearly the form, and particularly the head of the Flying Gurnards ; 

 differing from them, however, in the total absence of supernumerary fins 

 or wings. 



C. spinarella; Gasterosteus spinarella, L. ; Mus. Ad. Fred. pi. 

 xxxii, f. 5. A very small species from Guiana, and the only one 

 known*. 



Cottus, Lin. 



The Bull-heads have the head broad, depressed, mailed, and vari- 

 ously armed with spines or tubercles ; two dorsals ; teeth placed in front 

 of the vomer, but none on the palatines; six rays in the branchiae, and 

 only three or four in the ventrals. The inferior pectoral rays, as in Tra- 

 chinus, are not branched; their caecal appendages are small in number, 

 and they have no natatory bladder. 



Those that inhabit fresh water have a nearly smooth head, and but 

 one spine to the preoperculum ; their first dorsal is very low. The most 

 common species is, 



C. cjobio, L.; Bl. 39, 1, 2. (The River Bull-head). A small 

 blackish fish, four or five inches in length. 



The salt-water species are more spinous, and when irritated their head 

 becomes still more inflated. The French coasts have the following two, 

 which are called Sea Scorpions, &c. 



C. scorpius, L. ; Bl. 40. (The Father-Lasher). Three spines 

 on the preoperculum. C. bubalis, Euphrasen, New Stockh. Mem. 

 VII, 95. Preoperculum with four spines, the first very long. 

 The Baltic Sea has a third species, 



C. quadricornis, Bl. 108. (The Four-horned Bull-head). Dis- 

 tinguished by four quadrate and bony tubercles. 



America and the north of the Pacific Ocean produce much larger 

 ones-j". A small species is taken in the latter, whose singularity of 

 form entitles it to notice : it is the 



C. diceraus, Pall. ; Sinanceia cervus, Tilesius, Mem. Acad. 

 Petersb. Ill, 1811, p. 278. (The Stag-horn Bull-head). Internal 

 edge of the first spine of the preoperculum, which is nearly as long 

 as the head, furnished with six or eight prickles recurved very pro- 

 perly towards its base J. From this species has been separated, 



* It is from Guiana, and not from India, as is still asserted. 



t C. vlrginianus, Will. X, 15, or octodecim spinosus, Mitchill, New York, Trans. 

 IV, p. 380; — C. polyacanthjcephalus, Pall. Zool. Russ., &c. 

 t Add, C. pistilliger, Pall. Zool. Russ. Ill, 143. 

 N.B. The Cottus anostomus, Pall. Zool. Russ. Ill, 128, is the Uvanoscopus. 



