274 FISHES. 



oral and ventral fins : the vertical fins (that is the dorsal), the 

 anal and caudal must be considered as part of the trunk. 



The head, with a greater number of moveable parts than is found 

 in the Mammalia, requires to be subdivided into a great many 

 regions. We distinguish in it, the cranium, the jaws, the bones 

 situated beneath the cranium and behind the jaws, and which serve 

 to suspend them and give them power of motion, the bones of the 

 opercula, or the sort of lids which open and close the aperture of the 

 gills ; the bones which are nearly external that surround the nostril, 

 the eye, or the temple, or which cover a portion of the cheek. 



The respiratory apparatus contains the os hyoides and its appen- 

 dages, or in other words, the branchiostegal rays, and the arches 

 which support the gills, with the different pieces borne by these ar- 

 ches, or which are suspended in them ; the whole of these in combina- 

 tion perform the functions of both larynx and trachea ; lastly, it 



are expressly devoted to the head of Fishes. It will not be necessary for us to make 

 use of the figures of these authors in our descriptions, as we have all the skeletons 

 which they have communicated, and a great many others which now have accumu- 

 lated to nearly a thousand. 



Notes to the foregoing note. — (l). It is the tail-piece of his preface to the work on 

 Osteography. (2) Peches, 2d part, sect. 9, pi. 7. (3) Ibid. p. 12. (4) Encyclopedia 

 Methodique, plates of Ichthyology, pi. A. (5) In his Representations of Animals and 

 their Skeletons, printed at Nuremberg, 1748, 2 vols, folio. In vol. 1, pi. 7, 

 may be seen the Carp : pi. S, the Mirror Carp; pi. 9, the Pike; pi. 42, 

 the common Eel; pi. 43, the Orfe; pi. 44, the Trout; pi. 71, the Ling; 

 pi. 72, the Bream ; pi. 73, the Perch ; pi. 74, the Gudgeon and Loche : vol. 2, 

 pi. 10, the Barbel; pi. 11, the Nase ; pi. 12, Cottus Gobio ; pi. 15, the Tench; 

 pi. 52, Salmo Thymallus; pi. 53, Cyprinus Erythroptalmus ; pi. 4, Cyp. Carassius ; 

 pi. 92, Cyp. Dobula ; pi. 93, Cyp. jeses ; pi. 94, White Orfe; pi. 95, Cobitis 

 Fossilis; pi. 96, Cob. Taenia and Cyp. Phoninus ; pi. 97, Cyprinus Leuciscus. 

 (6) Histoire des Poissons, p. 58, and sec. pi. 2. (7) In the Memoirs of the 

 Academy of Sciences, foreign naturalists, vol. vii., and in his Collected Works, by M. 

 Meroan of La Sarthe, vol. v. (8) Archives Zoologiques et Zootimiqu Wiedemann, vol. 

 i. 2d no. p. 47. (9) Annales, vol. ix., on the bones of the shoulder and the furcular 

 bone (thecoracoid) ; vol. x. on the sternum (the os hyiodes) ; Memoirs vol. x. on the 

 Vertabra ; Description of Egypt, Natural History of Fishes, pi. 2, the skeleton of 

 a tetrodon; pi. 3, that of a Bichir. We shall speak in a future page of his labours 

 on the head. (10) Vol, iv., 1818, p. 340, and seq. (ll) Vol. vii. p. 340, et seq. 

 (12) First no., Berlin, 1S12, pi. 1, the Bream ; pi. 4, the Herring; 2d no. ib. 

 1816, pi. 5, Salmo Marrtea ; pi. 6, the Salmon and Serra-salmon ; pi. 7, the Pike ; 

 pi. 8, the head of the Gar Fish; pi. 9, the Silurus; pi. 10, Cobitis Fossilis, Centrisens 

 Scolepax: 3d no. ib. 1821, pi. 11, the Flounder and Pleuronectes Maneus ; pi. 12, 

 Spams Rail, Ceryphona, Novaada, and Batistes Branbensis ; pi. 13, Zeus Faber, 

 Choetodon Cornut us and Striatus, and a pretended Ciryphona Lntea .• 4th no. ib. 1822, 

 pi. 14, Sparus wciandra, Rudolph, which is a Cantharus, the Anabas (Perca Scandens, 

 Daldorf, the Paneiri or Tree Climber of Tamoul) ; pi. 15, a Labrus, which the au- 

 calls Fuscus, and the Phycis Tinea (Blennius Phycis, Bl.) ; pi. 16, Polyprion Ccrnium, 

 improperly designated Sciana Aquila ; pi. 17, the Corb, called Scicena Umbra, the 

 Scomber Sarda and Scoreena Scrofa; pi. 18, Trigla Hirvndo, Uranoscopus Scuber, 

 the head of Trigla Cataphracta ; pi. 19, the Blennius Ocellaris, Lophius Histcio ; pi. 

 20, the Remora, the Black Goby, and Lepadogaster Balbis of Risso. 



