FISHES. 279 



of the vomer : this anterior extremity partly supports the maxillary 

 bone ; on the postero-inferior angle is the surface for the articulation 

 of the lower jaw. 



seven other vertebrae, having each a body, a superior annular part composed of four 

 pieces, and an inferior annular part, also composed of four pieces, nine for each 

 vertebrae, and sixty three in all. Since that time he has considered each body as 

 formed itself of four pieces, which makes, in all, eighty four. The following digest is 

 dated the 12th of December, 1S25, to which are added such reflections as suggested 

 themselves me. 



Every head, according 

 to M. Geoff roy, is a 

 combination of seven 

 vertebrae, each com- 

 posed of a superior 

 ring of two pairs of 

 bones, of one body 

 without a fellow, and 

 an inferior ring of two 

 other pairs of bones, 

 as follows : — 



And these pie 

 ces, according 

 to the same au 

 thor, are re 

 presented in the 

 fishes by the 

 bones to which 

 I give the fol- 

 lowing names : 



Whereou I make the following 

 remarks. 



On the bones in parti- 

 cular. 



On the whole of each 

 vertebrae. 



FIRST VERTEBRA. 



Superior Ring. 

 The two ethmophysals, 

 or superior horns of 

 the nose. 



The two rhinophysals 

 or inferior horns of the 

 nose. 



Body. 



The protosphenal, or 

 cartilage of the nose 



The two adnasals, or 

 intermaxillaries. 



Inferior Ring. 

 The two addental, or 

 dentary portions of the 

 maxillaries. 



SECOND VERTEBRAE. 



Superior Ring. 

 The two nasal, or pro- 

 per bones of the nose. 

 The two lachrymals, 

 or os unguis. 



The proper 

 bones of the 



The oscending 

 apophyses of 

 the intermaxil- 

 lery. 



A cartilage 

 placed between 

 the pedicels of 

 the intermaxil- 

 leries and vo- 

 mer. 



The intermax- 

 illaries. 



The maxillaries 



The ethmoid. 



These bones always 

 external in the fishes, 

 and placed above the 

 nostrils, cannot be 

 their horns. 

 It is very rare that 

 these apophyses are se 

 parated by a suture, 

 and this suture proves 

 nothing except that the 

 bones is not constant 

 The bones would be 

 much multiplied if all 

 the inter articular car 

 tilages are to be called 

 bones. 



The bone which I call 

 ethmoid is always sim- 

 ple, and it cannot be 

 made to represent two 

 bones, or two nasals, 

 because it is between 

 the nostrils and not 

 above. 



This combination of 

 bones wants the essen- 

 tial character assigned 

 by the author to every 

 vertebrae ; it has no 

 receptacle for the ner- 

 vous or sanguineous 

 system. 



This latter vertebrae 

 has no superior ring, 

 or, rather, it would be 

 double, for the eth- 

 moid would divide it 

 into two ; further, the 

 bones which alone can 

 be supposed to form the 



