APPENDIX. 395 



Along the spine are two organs which supply the place of testicles, 

 of which the excretory canals terminate at the anus, and which become 

 very large during the time of spawn. 



Their scales remain as long as their lives. Being without lungs they 

 have no voice, properly speaking, and nevertheless there are several 

 (which he names) which make sounds and a kind of croaking. They 

 are subject to sleep the same as other animals. In greater part of the 

 species, the females are larger than the males. In the rays and the 

 squalus, the male is distinguished by appendices on each side of the anus. 



Not only had Aristotle made numerous observations, from which he 

 deduced such exact rules ; but he has also represented by plates these 

 different conformations. 



As to the species, Aristotle knew and named one hundred and seventeen, 

 and he enters upon their manner of living, their journies, their friendships 

 and hatreds, the stratagems they employ, their amours, the time of spawn, 

 of their laying and fecundity, the manner of catching them, and the time 

 when their flesh is best. 



Cuvier observes that nothing at all is done in modern times to compare 

 with this, and it is evident, that to have collected such an enormous mass 

 as he did, of the most curious facts that are upon record. 



There is another remarkable fact which is connected with our time, 

 and happens to be one of the profoundest interest, namely, that he 

 (Aristotle) implicitly believed in the truth of spontaneous generation. 

 We can only say that this is a doctrine which has been treated with con- 

 tempt for the last two thousand years, and yet the belief of it seems 

 now to be very nearly justified by the extensive labours of European 

 naturalists. 



We now proceed to give the passages contributed by Professor Dr. Kidd. 

 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY. 



Aristotle. Cuvier, torn. I. 



In some animals there is a mutual Every organized body has its pe- 

 resemblance in all their parts ; as culiar form ; not only generally and 

 the eye of any one man resembles exteriorly, but even in the detail of 

 the eye of every other man: and it the structure of each of its parts; 

 is the same with respect to the con- and all the individuals which agree 

 stituent parts of the horse, or of any in the detail of their structure are of 

 other animals which are said to be the same species, 

 of the same species : for in indivi- 

 duals of the same species each part 

 resembles its correspondent part as 

 much as the whole resembles the 

 whole. 



All animals have certain common The leading character of animals 

 organs, by means of which they lay is derived from the existence of a re- 

 hold of, and into others of which servoir for their food, that is, an in 

 they convey, their food. The organ testinal canal, the organization of 

 by which they lay hold of their food which varies according to circum- 

 is called the mouth; that, into which stances, 

 they convey it, is the stomach : but 

 the other parts are called by various 

 names. The form and relative pro- 

 portions, structure, and position of 

 these parts, are the same in the same 

 species, but vary in different species 

 of animals. 



