396 



APPENDIX. 



Aristotle. 



In addition to the mouth and sto- 

 mach, most animals have other com- 

 mon parts by which they exclude the 

 refuse of their food : but in some 

 animals these parts are wanting. 



There are fibres of a peculiar kind 

 in the blood; by the removal of 

 which, that fluid is prevented from 

 coagulating: but if they are not 

 removed, it does coagulate. And 

 through defect of these fibres the 

 blood of the deer and of some other 

 animals does not coagulate*. 



The particular senses are five in 

 number, sight, hearing, smell, taste, 

 and touch. Of these the sense of 

 touch is alone common to all ani- 

 mals; and is so generally diffused 

 over the whole body, that it is not 

 said to reside in any specific part. 

 All animals do not possess all the 

 senses; some possess only a part of 

 them. But no animal is without the 

 fifth sense, that of touch. 



All animals which draw in and 

 breathe out the air have lungs. 

 Those animals which employ water, 

 analogolously to air, in respiration, 

 have gills. 



Animals in general appear to have 

 a certain degree of intellectual 

 power, and some are capable of in- 

 struction. Some animals are cau- 

 tious; some are cunning. Man alone 

 is capable of meditation and reflec- 

 tion. Many animals possess me- 

 mory : no animal but man is capable 

 of recollection. 



In the greater number of animals 

 there are traces of the moral affec- 

 tions of man; for some are mild, 

 and some are fierce. And the same 

 thing may be very readily discerned 

 in children, for in them we may per- 

 ceive the germs of their future 

 habits ; and indeed the dispositions 



Cuvier, torn. I. 

 The lowest animals have no other 

 outlet for the refuse of their food, 

 than that by which they admit the 

 food itself. 



The blood contains a principle 

 called Jibrine; which, within a short 

 time after the blood has been with- 

 drawn from the body, manifests it- 

 self in the form of membranes or 

 filaments. 



The most general external sense is 

 that of touch ; its seat is the surface 

 of the whole body. Many animals 

 are without the sense of hearing, and 

 of smell, and of sight. Some have 

 none of the senses except that of 

 touch, which is never wanting. 



When the element subservient to 

 the process of respiration is the air, 

 the organ of respiration is the lungs : 

 when water, the gills. 



Even the most perfect animals are 

 infinitely inferior to man in the in- 

 tellectual faculties; although it is 

 certain that their intelligence per- 

 forms similar operations to those of 

 the human mind : and they are ca- 

 pable of instruction. Man has the 

 faculty of associating his general 

 ideas with particular images of a 

 more or less arbitrary character, but 

 easily imprinted in his memory, 

 which serve to recall to him the 

 general ideas which they repre- 

 sent. 



Animals are susceptible of emu- 

 lation, and jealousy, &c. In sliort, 

 we may observe in the higher ani- 

 mals a certain degree of the reason- 

 ing faculty, which appears nearly 

 the same with that of infants before 

 they have acquired the power of 

 speech. 



* It is deserving of notice, that the animals whose blood is said not to coagulate, 

 are such as are usually killed in hunting ; and it is understood by physiologists in 

 general, that excessive exercise and violent mental emotions, both which occur in 

 hunted animals, prevent the blood from coagulating. 



