398 



APPKNDIX, 



MAMMALIA. 



Aristotle. 



No animal which is not viviparous 

 has breasts ; and even of viviparous 

 animals those only have them which 

 produce their young alive at once, 

 without the intervention of an egg. 



The milk is not, as the blood is, 

 a fluid which animals possess from 

 their birth, but a subsequent secre- 

 tion; and is contained in the breasts. 

 And all those animals have breasts 

 which are essentially or directly vi- 

 viparous ; as man, and such qua- 

 drupeds as are covered with hair; 

 and also cetaceous animals, as the 

 dolphin, the seal, and the whale. 



Cuvier, torn. I. 



The animals of the class mammalia 

 are essentially viviparous; inasmuch 

 as a direct communication is estab- 

 lished between the embryo and the 

 parent immediately after conception. 



The new born offspring is nourish- 

 ed for a time by milk, which is a spe- 

 cial and temporary secretion from the 

 mammfe ; organs, so exclusively pe- 

 culiar to this class, as to have deter- 

 mined the distinctive appellation 

 mammalia. This class includes all 

 the common viviparous quadrupeds ; 

 together with the seal, and the dol- 

 phin, and other cetacea. 



MAN. 



All animals which have limbs 

 resembling those of man, have their 

 legs, and thighs and hips, sparingly 

 covered with flesh ; whereas in man 

 these parts are more fleshy than 

 any other. 



Of all animals man has, in pro- 

 portion to his size, the largest brain ; 

 and the smallest interval between 

 his eyes ; and the most delicate 

 sense of touch and of taste. 



No animal but man has its breasts 

 in the front of the chest; the ele- 

 phant, like the human female, has 

 two breasts, but they are placed on 

 the side. 



No animal but man has the faculty 

 of articulate speech ; which consists 

 of vowels pronounced by means of 

 the larynx, and of consonants formed 

 by the tongue and lips : the dolphin, 

 therefore, which has a voice in con- 

 sequence of its possessing lungs, and 

 a larynx, cannot articulate, because 

 its tongue is not readily moveable, 

 and it has no lips. 



The muscles which extend the 

 foot and thigh of man are more 

 powerful than those of any other 

 animal : and hence the calf of the 

 leg is particularly prominent. The 

 part called the pelvis, situate be- 

 tween the hips, is altogether propor- 

 tionally larger in man than in any 

 other animal. 



No quadruped has so large a 

 brain as man. His eyes are placed 

 as to be necessarily directed only 

 forwards. In the delicacy of the 

 sense of taste and touch man excels 

 all other animals. 



The female breasts are placed in 

 front of the chest. 



He possesses an advantage pecu- 

 liar to himself in the organs of 

 voice ; for he alone is capable of 

 uttering articulate sounds ; a power 

 which apparently depends on the 

 form of his mouth, and the great 

 flexibility of his lips. 



APES, &c. 



The feet of apes are peculiar, and 

 resemble large hands, the toes being 

 like fingers, and the under surface 

 of the hind-foot like the palm of the 



The hind feet of the quadrumana 

 (to which order apes belong) have 

 a thumb capable of being opposed 

 to the other toes, which are as 



