400 APPENDIX. 



Aristotle. 

 from the head, you may perceive on 

 its inner surface, and in the usual 

 region, distinct eyes ; which, though 

 small and shrunk, as it were, have 

 all the essential parts of those or- 

 gans, namely, a pupil placed in the 

 centre of the black part of the eye, 

 and that black part surrounded by 

 the white. 



THE BEAR. 



Cuvier, torn. I. 

 face. This may probably be the 

 animal which, according to M. Oli- 

 vier, gave the idea to the ancients 

 of describing the mole as totally 

 blind*. 



The bear is an omnivorous animal, 

 living on various fruits, on honey, 

 on ants, and on flesh ; attacking not 

 only the smaller animals, but even 

 wild boars and bullst. The feet of 

 the bear resemble hands; and for 

 a short time this animal can walk 

 erect on its two hind feet. 



The bear, though so powerful an 

 animal, is not disposed to feed on 

 flesh, unless when compelled by want 

 of other food. Bears walk on the 

 whole sole of the foot, and are thus 

 enabled to raise themselves with 

 comparative ease in an erect posi- 

 tion on their hind feet. 



THE SEAL. 



The seal brings forth its young on 

 shore, but passes most of its time 

 in the sea, and derives its nourish- 

 ment from thence. With respect to 

 its extremities, it may be considered 

 as an imperfect quadruped ; for im- 

 mediately in succession to its shoul- 

 der-blades it has feet resembling 

 hands% ; and on each foot are five 

 toes, and each toe has three joints : 

 the hind-feet in their shape resemble 

 the tail of a fish. All the teeth of 

 the seal are sharp and pointed, as 

 indicating the approximation of their 

 nature to fish ; almost all fish having 

 teeth of that character. The seal 

 has a cloven tongue. 



The feet of the seal are so short, 

 and so enveloped in the skin, that 

 on land they only serve them for 

 crawling; but, as the interstices of 

 the toes are filled up with mem- 

 brane, they act as excellent oars ; 

 and hence these animals pass the 

 greater part of their life in the sea, 

 only coming to land for the purpose 

 of basking in the sun and suckling 

 their cubs. They have five toes on 

 each of their feet; and on the hind 

 feet the outermost and innermost 

 are longest, the intermediate being 

 shortest. All their teeth have either 

 pointed or cutting edges. Their 

 tongue is indented at the extremity. 



THE ELEPHANT. 



The elephant has five toes on 

 each foot; though the joints of these 

 are not vejy distinct. It has four 

 teeth on each side of its mouth, with 

 which it triturates its food, and 



Elephants have on each foot five, 

 toes, very well defined in the skele- 

 ton, but so imbedded in the callous 

 skin enveloping the foot, that they 

 can only be recognised externally 



* By an examination of Aristotle's description, it is evident that the ancients 

 knew the true state of the case, namely, that the mole has eyes. 



■f Its mode of engaging with the bull is thus described by Aristotle ; "In engaging 

 the bull, the bear throws itself on its back ; and, while the bull is attempting to toss 

 it, the bear takes the bull's horns between its paws, and thus overthrows its 

 adversary. 



X From the shortness of the arm and fore-arm in this animal, Aristotle overlooked 

 these parts. 



