APPENDIX. 



401 



Aristotle. 

 makes it as smooth as bran : and 

 besides these it has two very large 

 teeth. It has a long and powerful 

 proboscis, which it uses as a hand; 

 for with this organ it takes up and 

 conveys to its mouth both solid and 

 liquid food. Its intestines have ap- 

 pendages, presenting the appear- 

 ance of four stomachs : and it has 

 two mammae placed by the side of 

 the chest, near the axilla?. The cub 

 of the elephant sucks with its mouth, 

 and not with its proboscis*. 



Cuvier, torn. I. 

 by their nails, which are attached 

 to the edge of this hoof as it were. 

 They have two tusks, which some- 

 times grow to an enormous size ; and 

 either four or eight grinding teeth 

 on each side, according to the pe- 

 riods of their development. The 

 proboscis, terminating in an appen- 

 dage like a finger, gives to the 

 elephant a degree of address equal 

 to that which the hand of the ape 

 imparts to that animal. The ele- 

 phant uses this proboscis for the 

 purpose of conveying solid food or 

 pumping up liquids into its mouth. 

 The intestines of the elephant are 

 voluminous : it 'has two mammae 

 placed under the breast, and its cub 

 sucks with the mouth, and not with 

 the trunk. 



RUMINATING ANIMALS. 



All viviparous quadrupeds which 

 have horns are without the front 

 teeth in the upper jaw ; and some 

 indeed which have no horns have 

 the same defect with respect to the 

 teeth, as the camel. 



Of viviparous quadrupeds some 

 are cloven-footed and have hoofs 

 instead of claws, as the ox, sheep, 

 goat, and deer. The same animals 

 have four stomachs, and are said to 

 ruminate. 



With the exception of the deer, 

 all ruminating animals have horns 

 which are partly hollow, and partly 

 solid ; the hollow part grows out 

 of the skin, of which it is indeed a 

 continuation ; but that part round 

 which this hollow is fitted is solid, 

 and grows out of the bone: as in 

 oxen. 



The horns of mosl animals are, 

 in their form, simple, and are hollow, 

 except at their extremity; the horns 

 of the deer alone are in their form 

 arborescent ; and, in their substance, 

 solid throughout. 



With the exception of the camel 

 and the musk, all the animals of this 

 order have horns : and all are with- 

 out front teeth in the upper jaw. 



The feet terminate in two toes, 

 each of which is covered with a 

 separate hoof, and is opposed to its 

 fellow by a flat surface; from whence 

 they are called cloven-footed. The 

 animals of this order are called 

 ruminating; and have always four 

 stomachs. 



The structure of the' horns differs 

 in different species. In some the 

 solid osseous part which projects 

 from the frontal bone is covered with 

 a hollow case, which grows over it 

 from the skin, as in oxen, sheep, 

 and goats. 



* Camper says that in almost all points the anatomy of the elephant is correctly 

 represented by Aristotle ; the apparent inconsistencies arising from his having 

 dissected a young elephant. Tom. 2. p. 20,j, &c. 



VOL. II. D D 



