APPENDIX. 405 



Pausanias, author of Travels in Greece, flourished under Antoninus. 

 He compared, in his Messeniacs, the fishes of Greece with those of Egypt. 



Pedacius Dioscoridus, of Anazarba, in Cilicia, who is thought to have 

 .lived under Nero, mentions five or six fishes in his second book on Materia 

 Medica. There is also a fragment of a poem of Marcellus, contemporary 

 of Antoninus, in which he names sixty fishes, but without any other 

 indication. 



Galen is another of those men too well known for us to mention any 

 thing about except a few dates. He was born at Pergama, towards the 

 year 131 ; having studied at Alexandria, he went to Rome in 169, became 

 physician to Marcus Aurelius, and after the death of that prince returned 

 to Pergama, where he died in 200. He is the last of the ancient anatomists. 

 It is in his treatise De aliment or urn facilitate, where he speaks of a great 

 number of fishes relative to the qualities of their flesh. 



Oribastes, was physician to the Emperor Julian, about the middle of the 

 third century. In the second book of his Collecta medicinalia, after 

 having copied the above mentioned chapters of Galen, he adds rather a 

 long one taken from a Treatise of Xenocrates, upon the aliments furnished 

 by fish, in which are several names and facts very useful. 



It is not known who this Xenocrates was ; some suppose him to have 

 been, but with a very slight degree of probability, that he was aca- 

 demical philosopher, the second successor of Plato. 



Saint Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, was born about the year 340, and 

 died in 397. The eleven first chapters of the fifth book of his Hexeemeron, 

 are consecrated to the description of fishes. 



Eustathius, archbishop of Antioch, one of the prelates of the council 

 of Nice, says in his Hexa'meron, or commentary on the work of six clays, 

 but a few words on the saw-fish, the scarus, the echeneis, and the sea-fox. 



Manuel Phile, born at Ephesus, towards the year 1*275, and died in 

 1340, has put into verse the facts relative to the history of animals borrowed 

 from Elian. 



Saint Isidore, bishop of Seville, lived towards the end of the sixth 

 century, during the reigns of the Emperor Mauricus and of King Ricardus : 

 he composed many works on theology, history, and erudition. The 

 twelfth book of his Origins, is the only one of his works interesting to 

 the naturalist. 



Albert, called the Great, of the family of the counts of Bollstedt, was 

 born atLaningen, in Sonabe, in 1193. After having studied at Padua, he 

 went to teach the philosophy of Aristotle at Paris, and there obtained a 

 great reputation as professor. He entered, in 1221, into the order of 

 Dominican Friars, and became Provincial in Germany, in 1254; then, 

 master of the sacred palace at Rome ; and, in 1260, Bishop of Ratisbonne : 

 he finished by entering his monastery, where he died in 1280. His works, 

 printed at Lyons in 1651, occupy twenty-two large volumes in folio; his 

 sixth and fourteenth books relate to fishes. 



Vincent de Beauvais, a Dominican friar, who, it is thought, died in 

 1256, and whom Albert the Great survived twenty-four years, compiled 

 a work truly prodigious, on account of the number of subjects it contains, 

 and which may be called the encyclopedia of the middle ages. It is his 

 Bibliotheca mundi sive Speculum majus, divided into four parts, of which 

 the first, entitled speculum ?iaturale, an enormous volume, in folio, embraces 

 the entire of natural philosophy and history. It is said that the king 

 (some say Philip Augustus, others Saint Louis) procured for him the 

 books and copiests requisite for such an undertaking. He speaks of fishes 

 in his seventeenth book. 



Paul Giovis, was born at Coma, in 1483, and died at Florence in 1552. 

 He was rather celebrated as being one of the elegant Italian writers. 



