p^ 



♦ 



b 



f 



j( 



G. p. Bond on the Rings of Saturn. 



97 



ttecapitiilation. — The observations presented in this memoir 

 establish the following facts : 



1. The production of derived currents in the stems of plants 

 by the aid of platinum needles, inserted, one into the bark, the 

 other into the wood, which currents have a direction from the 

 parenchyma to the pith, 



2. The production of similar currents in the bark proceeding 

 from the cambium to the parenchyma, having an inverse direc- 

 tion as compared with the former. 



3. The sap of the cortical parenchyma, held exposed to the 

 air for some instants, undergoes such a modification that when 

 put again in contact with the parenchyma sap, it becomes rela- 

 tively negative. 



4. The production of derived terrestrial currents, through the 

 medium of the roots from the pith and other parts of the stem. 



5. The direction of the terrestrial currents shows that in the 

 act of vegetation, the earth takes constantly an excess of positive 

 electricity, and the parenchyma of the bark and the leaves an 

 excess of negative electricity which is transmitted to the air 

 through the exhaled water. 



6. The distribution of the ascending sap and the sap of the 

 cortical parenchyma leads to the belief that there are currents 

 circulating continually in plants, directed from the bark to the 

 pith, passing by the roots and earth, and perhaps without passing 

 by these two intermediaries. 



' • Chemical reactions are the first cause, beyond doubt, of the 

 ^ 1 '[^^ ^ffects observed in plants. These effects are very varied, 

 and have thus far been observed only in a small number of cases. 



8. The opposite electric states of plants and the earth give 

 reason for concludin 



■i. 



j^, that throu 



over the continents and islands, ...^, 



"pon the electric phenomena of the atmosphere. 



h the great extent of vegetation 

 they exert a decided influence 



Art. XlY.-^On the Rings of Saturn; By G. P. Bond, Assistant 



at the Observatory of Harvard University.* 



The question of the multiple divisions of the ring of Saturn 

 as engaged the attention of astronomers from an early period. 

 assim appears to have been the first to notice the primary divis- 



^Oj though he has placed it midwav between the inner and the 



obiter edges. 



1 his interval is always visible with a good telescope, b"t much 

 to the outer edge than Cassini describes it to be. 



next 



Short, 



-w V/..UV.1 oia^c mail v-/aj>&iiii ui^ouuu^o it i.^ ^v^. k^ix^h,, 



^vith a telescope of twelve feet focus, probably a reflector, 



Cited from the Astronomical Journal, vol ii, No. 1 

 o^coxD Series, Vol XIT, No. 34,— July, 1851. 13 



