u 



/. Lawretice Smith on the Thermal Wafers of Asia Minor. 375 



The quantity of water brought away was too small to examine 

 for the presence of bromine. 



This is the last of the thermal waters of Asia Minor which 

 ha^e been examined; there are a {(i\y others that may yet reach 

 me, when the composition will be made known as soon as 

 examined. 



Cause of the Thermal Waters in Western Asia Minor, 



The cause of the abundance of warm springs in this quarter 

 of the globe, in all formations from the alluvial to the oldest 

 rocksj is doubtless owins^ to the extensive igneous action within 

 no great depth beneath the surface of the country; a fact evinced 

 by the frequency of earthquakes, but more especially by their 

 extent; for they almost invariably extend from one end of it to 

 the other, as well as to the neighboring islands. 



Neither time nor change of government has contributed so 

 much to the destruction of the hundreds of magnificent cities 

 which once covered this countryj as the desolating influence of 

 the earthquake, and many are the cities that now exist, which 

 have been prostrated oi'-er and over again, and rebuilt, each time 

 iti diminished splendor, until at last they are little better than 

 collections of huts when contrasted with their original condition. 

 All the country at the present day seems to be as much subject 

 to them as formerly. 



The only part of Western Asia Minor where phenomena are 

 seen strictly analogous to those of active volcanoeSj is in the Ca- 

 tacecaumene ov burnt district, situated in Lydia, about one hun- 

 dred miles east of Smyrna. Numbers of volcanic cones exist in 

 the neighborhood of Koola, of many of which the craters are 

 quite distinct, especially the one called Kaplar Alan, which has 

 a perfect crater about half a mile in circumference, and two or 

 three hundred feet deep. The extent of this region is some 

 twenty miles long by eight broad. We have no record of any 

 activity in these volcanoes, and Strabo described them in his 

 day quite as they are now, and the Turks give to Satan the full 

 <^redit of having created such a black parched-up district. My 

 object at tfie present time is merely to mention this district, as a 

 fnll description of it enters into a "paper on the earthquakes and 

 volcanoes of Asia Minor, that I propose publishing at some future 

 time; it is brought forward now merely to show what this^vol- 

 canic centre has to do with 



■The only substance connected with°these waters that I shall 

 allude to, is the nitrogen contained in the gas accompanying 



the thermal springs just described. 

 ce of Nitrogen in Thermal Waters. 



"^any of them, and in some instances constituting alniost tlie 

 ei^Uire gaseous product, as in the case of the springs of Yalova. 

 "" ■ " attention several years ago, while 



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