= " — és x ial ae 
30 ; THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE [Jan. 10, 
that having a little farm of 20 acres in our own hands, '" CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS. a persing thr 1e bodies of de m fed on them." 
JANUAR 
whichis being wholly cultivated bymanuallabour,the par- 
ticulars and results of which we hope ultimately to lay 
before our readers, we shall be better able to express 
a decided opinion on the subject hereafter. In the 
meantime, whatever may be the feasibility of a system 
of cultivation which entirely excludes horse-labour, 
there ean, we think, be but little doubt that a more 
thorough cultivation of our fields, especially of their 
headlands and edges, with the assistance of the spade 
or fork, is entirely consistent with attention to profit. 
Miscellaneous. 
Preparation and Composition of Manure. (Bous- 
singault ; vol. ii. p.58).—The more usual method of 
preparing manure is.to collect it in a yard prepared for 
the purpose. There are, however, districts in which it 
is allowed to accumulate in the stalls, fresh straw being 
added every day. The bed increases therefore conti- 
nually under the feet of the cattle ; on which account 
moveable racks are made use of. This method obviates 
the necessity of frequently cleaning the stall; but as 
the same quantity of manure must sooner or later be 
carried out, there is little gained in point of economy. 
The fermentation of the dung would be greatly pro- 
moted by the high temperature, did not the constant 
trampling compress the dung so much; and the daily 
addition of straw condenses or ind evaporation. 
The fact is, that, in stalls thus managed, no very unplea- 
sant odour is observed, and the animals kept i in them 
suffer no inconvenience in breathing, provided a pr oper 
communication be maintained with the outer air, which, 
indeed, ought not to be negleeted in those stalls which 
are kept constantly clean. This method is, however, 
all but impracticable where the beasts are fed on watery 
food, such as Turnips or green Clover; the urine is 
greatly increased by this regimen, and the excrement is 
so fluid and bulky, that an enormous quantity of straw 
would be required to absorb the moisture ; and not- 
withstanding this increase of litter, the beasts would, 
nfter all, stand in their dirt, which might possibly pro- 
duce disease. In Belgium, according to Schwertz, ma- 
nure is preserved in the cow-stalls, without the above- 
mentioned inconvenience. The beasts stand on a sort 
of platform, raised above the plane of the stall, and the 
dung drawn from beueath the animals is allowed to 
accumulate on the floor. Straw has the inconvenience 
of being frequently very dear; in some countries it is 
very scarce ; and in some parts of Switzerland, where 
there is little arable land, the litter is economised as 
much as possible, and, w ith this view, is often washed. 
Although it is very difficult to account for a practice 
which consists in augmenting beyond measure the bulk 
of manure, while the quality i is dg cien; and in con- 
sequence the expense of carriage greatly increased, it 
is a fact that this plan has been long pursued, and that 
it has extended to several cantons. The object, doubt- 
less, is to save every particle of manure, which is at- 
tained by repeated washings, in exact accordance with 
the plan pursued by chemists in their most accurate 
investigations. The urine voided by the cattle rung 
into a gutter which communicates with a great tank. 
This gutter contains water in which not only the solid 
excrement is diffused, but which serves also to wash the 
bed, which is renewed only twice a week, 
The tanks are constructed i in the floor itself of the stall 
to keep them from the influence of frost. The fe 
mentation of a mass so diluted is scarcely perceptibl 
and there is no loss except from absorption. The liquid 
manure is then pumped into water-carts, and so con- 
“veyed to the fields. The urine of cattle is also used 
separately as manure, under the name of purin; sul- 
phate of iron is frequently added to it in Switzerland, 
to produce sulphate of ammonia. Liquid manure has 
both its advantages and inconveniences. When we come 
to compare its relative value with that of solid manure, 
we shal! find the opinion of M. Crud confirmed, that the 
advantages attributed to it in Switzerland are certainly 
exaggerated.—M. J. B. 
Town Sewerage.—Were Glasgow properly washed 
out, I should judge the washings capable of irrigating at 
at le: ast 15,000 acres—a square of five miles ; and this, 
at 30/. per aere, would be worth 450,0007. ; or, at only 
207. per aere, 300,0007. yearly. "Taking into aecount the 
population of Glasgow, these sums are considerably 
under what Liebig allows. We should have here a 
stream of dirty water running out from the city, to re- 
gain in a stream of milk—a transformation effected 
^ mysterious, metamorphic power of combined 
able and animal assimilation. ` No doubt, a large 
outlay of eapital would be necessary, in the rst place, to 
bring in and distribute a sprint of water over the 
city, | and to effect a complete drainage; and in the 
second place to raise the collected washings, conduct 
them by aqueducts to the proper distance, and spread 
them out in a complete net-work of irrigation ; but the 
exuberant fertility which would thence be extended over 
a large space of country would more than doubly com- 
pensate the amount of outlay, while the improvement 
oe would be effected in the health and even the 
morals and character of the population of Glasgow 
wedld be inappreciable. In the event of this i improve- 
ment being carried out generally, our beautiful rivers 
and streams, which now as they pass our cities and 
populous villages, suffer pollution by the drainage, would 
continue to run in erystal purity to the sea, sweet ag 
when they first welled out in the fountains and springs 
Drainage.—One point was omitted last week :— Wherever, as 
is often the ease, the subsoil is composed of beds alternately of 
‘porous and impervious eke and these dip, whether into the 
ascent or "pha it, the dra: st cut aeross their edges; the 
reagon t, if they quem itis possible that some, or, in- 
deed, all p Kg maylie wholly in those paste where the clayey 
beds crop out, w me pam obviously be of no use fo a 
the eae parts in water has accumulated ; and 
that insite directly Mei the descent (thus placed, pe 
y speaking they ought to be placed), on land s the 
also lies down the descent, will not cut 
s the edges of ane Weak. od mpo: bsoil; in sieh 
cael QUI du dU placed obliquely down the descent 
Mana 
Ear 
ent of Mamwre.—It is always best when made under 
h; P up e we gh be "made, other things being 
, than in M stem. of box-feeding, where the 
and is supplied in pe 
sorb all the ur ings It is surprising 
m nure may thus be made. 
box 10 feet square, Tand well littered Wort morning, will r 
Lee only about three ikonen a week, but the mae Below 
hard sompvesse and i. monthly, when turned ont 
form aheap of at le s of first-rate material 
ake os “ot Ale rod We clean out 
our boxs nthly, art the material to heaps in the fields for 
our Turnip and Gibéemodt crops; and in turning it over, mix 
and) panes it well with the earth on whi 
that part of the field where th 
th 
sheep dung, the sheep being 
month also, and is taken aw: 
nulate for a 
manner. 
3g 
ay to heaps in like 
The stable dung, and that from the cattle stalls 
ele d out every day 
ni 
aken to a heap by the liquid-manure 
t which it is soaked whenever the 
when it is carted away 
g, as we unders tand, vs not con- 
Much ammoniacal matter, but it 
and urea) which forms (chiefly a 
utrefaction, 
Henle a mont E fean ely ensues ; and it has been contended, 
pring to the field, 
tain, when perfectly fresh, 
PIER pes (mucous matter 
arbonate of) ammonia during the process of 
that if spread out in the field, when perfectly fresh, on ae sur- 
face, or at most under a very d Hue of e i its 
nitrogen compounds would form nitr not e ds 
thus be as avai ‘lable ian vegetable food. with 
UR ammonti, and 
les: Nii te nn are very rarely found in our soi 8, 
k 
and that 
a fair 
s ast heory, but d doctrine-is nevertheless 
Hine: for apeinant aia to test it, When clearing out 
iro OLE boxes le t, say 30 tons, bi prend: attesa diro 
of ploughed stubble for the fik crop of the enbati season, 
and anoth tons putin a heap on theland, andtur ned, mixing 
with earth, oraig ton ule, and then in Apri ilorMayplough 
itin m adjo — the resulting crop, if managed alike 
other repeat will tell the truth on this point. Farm lure 
may be considered, on the average, as con taining about 10 Ibs. 
of ni enin the ton ; this, in she ordinary course of putrefac- 
| tion. eee ‘orm about 23 Ibs. arbonate of Aon to fix 
| the E girre M s" hich, requires 3 jos. of the sulphurie acid of 
com , however, be safer to use a smaller quantity, 
buy (pe ema n amongst the liquid mamure with w 
soak the heap; 7 70 or 80 Ibs. i3 ton of the 
will ioi Ee 
sum), v 3 
well to AES an excess acithateaed Glo seus of its own as a. 
anure ; 1 ewt, of it may, therefore, be mixed per ton of the 
should be. uere once and be ith 
g 5 carted o e field in onth, 
ore i is ieri Den E fir if curri 
and eae 4d. per cubic yard, measured 
ich you 
m green VIS 
being 
and then again three we 
ing will cost 1d., 
before turning. 
Liquid manure may be applied either? by soaking manure 
à anke till spring anc L carted 
e latter e; 
ts on 
well to fiw ipi uc ue relent suem ifyi ntai 
And to guide to t momical performance ME this, Wo Bay 
mention t i I7 of ammonia require about 3 ewt; of the 
ommarce for its fixation, and that 
wt. of sul- 
produced 
onsider due pn 
of ammonia in 10 or 12 gallons ; 
3n ho yields 3 to 5 Ibs, De cow 30 to 
0 Tbs., and the sheep and pig n bably 2 or 3 Ibs. of d 
Tt must not be forgotten that the value of manure ood 
only upon its nitrogenou 
y nitrogenous or 
also upon its mineral parts—and it diff 
cording to th 
greatly in these, ac- 
e food and age fad, cond n of the animals which 
at the gri JA value M) Pao 
the du ung rof eue fed beasts, chiefly 
quantity o nates which it pisos 
those phosphates being cU in the food of the cattle. And 
the great ae cee in E rave of their manure between a full 
grown half- ow Or a youn, beast, arises from 
the latter requiring att us Ds in theirfood, one for 
the grow! e , and the other for the secretion 
its milk, v E ‘requiring fes for neither of these 
Pee pow themoutinitsmanure. Manurealso depends 
for some of its value on its bulk—its OR on the texture 
of the soil; but this, Milos abusum beneficial as clay 
ils, where it ought to be applied fresh, is SE injurious, 
as on light soils, where, aecor dingly, it ought to be kept, if this 
can be done with safe y to its volatile Spe a it is 
rotten and "of an unctuous texture. It wi lif 
the terms on which farmers ROS is lands were ee "modified 
as RN allow of their changing t rodueed on their 
s for any other kind of EE food ines miht prefer -they 
would then be able to buy or to sell straw according as a 
or a light soil E to them to require a bulky fibr dus 
manure, or 01 f a more condensed and less bulky, Ei acter, 
and all this xS be attended. mm. benefit, not only to them- 
selves but to their landlords als 
Notices to Correspondents. 
ARTIFICIAL Eee Harcninc— T says, in Chambers’ “Edin. 
burgh Journal” an extractis given from Mr. W, Bucknell’s in-, 
enious method of artificial hatching, but it omits detailing 
the degrees of ae necessary to be observed in the 
oven and the ap t and dt does Ut state ohwiabeizolene 
different pipes dus ended to be. Can any one give this 
Mesi 
BONES AND SU LPHURIC ACID Sillon—Will any of our read 
ue er the E ing question as addressed to him- 
t of your observation, has bones and 
sulphuric acid, mixed with ashes or fir he soil, been ain to 
rass land, and what was the resul 
CATTLE F.: pedem i— 
pay ju increase of growth ; to etes it will ni 
such anoss are uncertain, 
cattle to east consuming 14 cwt. of Swedes daily, 
Gs "outing nothing else, should pay 4s. or 4s. 6d, per week in 
Ss i—T p=“ Will steaming hay, which contains Couch 
seeds destroy the vitality of those poi ? Ifit will not, then 
, therei is a chance of thei r preserving their Vitality | even after 
* Taking the face of a roof as prea re ı ph inclined 
from the bosom of our pastoral hills.—Mr. Matthew, 
in the Glasgow National. 
stratum of rock, then a ball will roll down it in the direction 
of trike, » and the ridge line is in the “Givestion of its 
sti 
xs 3 any one ie teal to.give an We have 
but we should suppose that a DERA steaming would 
dio) the life of the seeds. chance spoken 
x d almost to nothing 
by giving the ihe not to horses, but to animals which Rr 
anks for your remarks about Clubs. If y 
succeed in me E we will send this Paper to Su 
secretary gra! 
E 
T Wi rutting hay into chaff is not of so much conse- 
e when given to rum ninating ae als, and we hardly 
think ^ is worth the labour of cows. 
sue was not put in the vin em Should put a lump E! E 
the m manger for the animal to lick 
DISSE ESO PorATOES—W, S “Starch” ay be e; 
the means which have been s 
cted by an 
en poista out in the 
TTENING Pras—W S s their food three times 
a day, warm. Barley- id ve ated consider better than 
“ight Y leat" ground, 
Gi i— WP e would certainly not sow now, till 
"Phe seed would probably perish. But you 
not suited a Clover-seed sower—the seed would 
pedum rome dus a aneh foie a1 beplanted. We 
pM your letter next week, with more detailed 
on: 
'eshire— Three cwt. per of Peruvian guano 
applied broadcast in wet weather over “Wheat in April, or 
o ver Oats or Barley which y, a fort tnight out re 
she erpund, and then harrowed in over the growing ple i 
od dressing well applied. We provid. consider that its 
effects would be most evident on light lan 
‘ou sDING Cows —P Af Fisher—You.m +8 give your vus 
Turnips and Mangold Wurzel, m W. Bee ae p^ andif y 
add an NE (31bs.), to each d 
of quiu eran ui 
nd you may entirely avoid the taste m 
the butter by the tollowing managemer 
in M m th 
As 
pail of milk com w add to it between one en 
two pints of in in Witt; Pu then pour it out into the 
pans, and into m pan put a little piece of s: alepeerer Before 
churning scald the cream in the Devonshire method, This is 
not a detail of our own practice and e: experience ; but we are 
assured by parties who have tried à that ffeetual, 
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES—A Subser’ 
&re good plants 
f corner ara to put the plough 
in, only they make a famous cover for game. The tubers are 
f Pigs may be ONES in store condition on them, and 
we nieve given occasionally , Sä Ibs, daily, to straw-fed 
oxen. We fear we shall Ups youin saying that those 
plans were intended only as a (oan. We have several i inquirers 
waiting for them when you have done 
NAKED BARLEY— It si mmonly grown on the Continent, 
and also in places in this ry; but v uld prefer the 
Chevalier for pr oductiveness, anaiei inm respect of the market 
value of the produ 
HOD e B AKING—Dew gretos ae name of the 
patentee is Mr. Henry Dodson, 98, Blackmat-street, » Borough, 
London, We may possibly have Pes in foe 1 to give 
R r—Boiled Swedes mixed wi 
h pollard, would 
for a sow with young 
food 3 pigs. —Inquirer— 
ll keep pigs in good store condition; you Should 
pigs fall back in condition ; but if you do not im 
tend fattening till next summer, you e n. keep them up to the 
mark in a ary sheltered yard without corn, 
RxwT—N S—It of course depen ds upon whether the farm be 
anol. vie and also, in a mensure, upon the rotation 
which is adopted. What part of the value of the gross 
produce of the farm is Wheat? Ascertain this, and then de- 
termine on the price which that ur probably bear for the 
8 borne, and you have 
dum question 
ieuts—7 B H—See nee heading “ be den 
future compared with that which eum 
all the data required for az an 
TENANTS I 
Clu 
NURE—nquirer—The distance is 500 yards, Fm- 
3mon loading atthe heap, and one man unloading 
field in heaps of one toa perch, and of such a number to 
each cart as ine dreseina you fitnt il amont t One cart 
will be always in the field ; 
nd on 
l, 
carry, and spread, 120 cubic yards 6S E ay, 
and the best way to make them work with a will is to let the 
RR eu the d cn at the heap ; it is worth ĝa. 
To REA — Weshall answi eryour question in our week! kly 
Calendar very duse) in the meantime see Agri icul, Gazette, 
184 
small ne 
roots. Cut the tops off, and eümspldci them net ground 
whi should have been dug over some time b 
place them sont a yard apart Du way, and then wait till 
u have a large extent of ground thus lanted, 
ime H ipe P dn clean thegroand EN SE ee and 
he ifyou have onl ngle w, each 
plant should bo ‘supported bya stake. Do not, R into 
richly-manured gro 
discs STARD—A "South Devon Farmer—Will 
‘eaders give us their poke oe White Mustar 
the period of sowing, the qua 
its DOPO the soil it ERROR 
crop as food. 
*.* Communi ications to riag town after Wednesday, cannot be 
answered the same week. 
SBarkets. 
SMITHFIELD, BONDAT, Jan. 5— tone of 3 lbs. 
Best Scots, Herefords, E ie 048 6 | Best US i Eug brads Sa o Dp E 
Best Short Horns 4r 4 4| Best Longe 
ae AE eae . 3 0 88 Enos anit Peowond aualluy H 0 ^ H 
5 6| Pigs 8 50 
ny of our 
ay stating 
seed sown, the nature of 
and the nature of the 
Bent 23,600; Calves, 
e have a lenti Mice supply of E DM "im pee Y we atendency 
pron j the weather, however, bei, simon everything inclexred 
oif. s, doo, amd de boss Shorts 
hoi 
ara rather lowers somo few owns, however, st sd py 
per 8 !bs.—The beat Calven are still dear.—Pork trade ie very dull, 
'RID. n Jan. 9 
1 
owing to the mildne: 
from 3s 8d to 4s 8d. 
Beasts, 625; Sheep, 9760; Calves, 191; meyi pls 
nt Smith fiald. 
OTATOES. , BourmwARE, Warenswor, Jan. 
The arrivals to this market since 
sis exceedingly dull, prices range 
egents are more ples 
may have been some s 
epi 
sn lots 
more general prices are 120s per ton : Scosch Reds from 
ork Ri 
consequently are not firm, and there 
s pe 
90s to 1008 per to; 
S, FRIDAY, Jan, 9 
intends to proposoa repeal of the Maltstax iestill 
as the jns retta of the E 
HO. 
"The report that Sir R. Peel 
believed, an 
much better prices, Our market, in consequence, is improving: 
PATTEN) 
DEN & Surri, Hop-Factors- 
ical Chronicle ; or the dimi paris only may be thrown ` 
