60 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
[JAN. 24, 
10 disease, and it is also liable to have some of it ripe 
long before some other portion of the crop is come to 
maturity—this is one cause of the sample being coarse 
and uneven. If we are certain of producing a fair 
medium plant of Wheat (what I have termed a thick 
plant), it matters not how little seed we use; but should 
we be unable to produce a sufficient plant we must have 
recourse to a greater quantity of seed.—Imprimatur. 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
SUBJECTS FOR DISCUSSION. 
6. THE BEST MEANS OF HINDERING ADULTERATIONS OF 
MANURE. 
How pu crimes of other kinds hindered ? 
anent of a detective force. 
We ES the follow ing from a past eS of the Agri- 
When a London broki stances re- 
quirin, al Enegelud hehasan exa amination “of dem made 
at his own EXAMS % m en he ofi them for sale, h 
duces the anal the guidance “of buyers, who reg 
their offers by the eeen extent of impurity in the samples. 
Suppose, for example, the substance is nitrate of soda, 
ur 2086 per 100 lbs. When the analys 
that 5 QUE contains 10 per cent. 
them is de- 
By the employ- 
al 
yses in like manner, 1f th AE 
eue dust, oil Hi vitriol, sulphate of 
ammon: puse engue, 
they might do themselves quite EE 
other leagues now so much in fashion ; and if they eich hold 
together steadily, they would soon put an end to the roguery 
at is so successfully practised upon them. It would not be 
enough, however, to m seeing an analysis before buy- 
eR articles capable of adulteration ; 
m for cheats to thrive in at farmers should do in addi- 
tion would be to put aside a pound. of the Asendi glass 
bo ;to Ss cork cea seal it up, so that it might even. 
‘ually become evidence against the seller; if crops fail, or sus- 
Ge analysed and 
o be different from the analysis on the faith o 
which it was pni, to proce law against the seller. We 
will leave the worthy gentlemen. who sell loam for guano to 
picture to themselves what sort of damages a farmers 
sould give in such a case; once caught, they muere unm to 
repeat the experiment." 
po n this head, 
pp. 218, 259, 
E E 559 (1845). 
377, 393 (vol. 1844) ; and p , 472, 
DARLINGTON.— Liquid Manure.—At the late annual 
for there would still be | 
For further information and sugges- 
see Gardeners’ Chronicle and Aor pendit 
ground, the latter in most cases, already overdozed with 
the half. decayed vegetable matter and root weeds, which 
such parings contain. To proprietors of single farms, 
and to the small farm tenants generally, the committee 
would take the liberty of pointing out two matters which 
appear to them sadly overlooked :—1st. In respect to 
the immense amount of unemployed manual strength 
yearly wasted about their farms by the young men, sons, 
or servants, who are occupied in fishing or sea-faring 
during the summer months, but who (hot it is believed 
from.any want of industry in themselves, but from the 
neglect of their parents or masters to plan out and pre- 
pare regular and stated employment for them) are left 
during the long winter months to loiter about, without 
aim or object, except the unneeded assistance they may 
give in thrashing, or, where near the sea, oceasionally 
in securing sea-weed or in sillock-fishing. 2d. Th 
remedy suggested for this first neglect is the cure of the 
second one, which: is, the slovenly way in which water 
both rising from below and falling on the surface, is 
allowed to soak and injure, by its tardy and imperfect 
eseape the whole Grass and arable lands of such small 
farms. Ina moist elimate like Orkney, with, in many 
parts, a moat retentive subsoil, no improvement can be 
x to| greater than a system of drainage which shall effect a 
complete and uniform dryness. 
frequent or thorough-drain system y 
Mr. Smith, of Deanston, are already to be seen on 
several farms in Orkney. In every case, the drained 
lands are producing double, and in many, quadruple 
their former crops, and this at the same expence o 
seed and labour, and often at less expence of manure : 
for it is a fact, that the subsoil, brought to the surface 
| by these frequent drains, being carefully spread over it, 
has turned out far more valuable in producing a crop, 
than the heaps of far-carried divots and sour surface 
parings, which were formerly applied. If the pro- 
prietors and small farmers would give constant and 
The effects of the 
b; 
f clover in summer, 
meeting of this Society after a lecture on Agricultural 
Chemistry by Mr. White, of York, a discussion took 
place among the members, and from long observation 
well directed employment to the young men, whom they 
must feed and lodge during the winter months, in well 
lanned and well executed draining, not only would 
they find the produce of their lands greatly increased, 
but the appearance and climate of their native county 
would be vastly improved, and the young men them- 
selves would find a source of cheerfulness and content- 
ment, and have their whole energies roused into pleas- 
ing activity from seeing the profitable results of their 
daily and stated to 
Farm emoranda. 
WHITFIELD Farm, WOTTON, GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
have subjoined a plan, on a scale of ;3;, of the buildings 
on this farm. The arrow points north. The following 
are the references :— 
La The Threshing Barn. The Straw Barn 
e room in which roots, &c. are n up, to be carried 
along the gangway at the head of 
dh "The s tables, and at the side of 
The feeding stalls for cattle. 
re Is the granary. It, as well as 1 and 2, are 3-storied 
buildings. No. 6 and 1 are EEA OY in aeotions and 
partly in elevation, by tiie sido of the plan. 
T. Is a shed along the side of t attle-ya: Tt 
divided into 15 boxes for cattle, d um yard for EY ire SUNY 
to have been divided mty small gon rts Sony ed cattle is now 
sented in the Se has been 1 j 
of thè iren The space Sedes the ese med is divided into 
gis 0 pens, in each of whieh about a dozen SEsep. es dept. 
i e car E 
hed in which "e Eng BOUE es in Ae 
are placed for the cattle and shee; 
13. Steaming apparatus. The apartment between this and 
No. 12 is fitted up with boxes for Un DOLUS, six or eight 
in each pen. 
14. Contains tho steam -engine and boiler, with a drying-room 
over head. 
15, 16, and 20 are tanks. 
the i or the stable. 
Tu us cottage of the foreman. s the weigh engin 
97 5 a liquid manure pump pea with the yard s 
and with Gs feeding stalls. 
iud 
The two former for the yards, and 
and experience it appeared that it was most proper to 
apply solid manure to the land when fresh ; that Swede 
Turnips required a richer manure than white Turnips ; 
and that it was most essential that liquid manure, be- 
fore its application, should be decomposed and the am- 
monia fixed either hy sulphuric acid or gypsum.—T. 
Dixon, Esq., of Darlington, the secretary of the club, 
drew the attention of the meeting to a striking instance 
es 
of the benefits resulting from the application of liquid 
manure. In June, last year, he happened to be on the 
estate of Sir Samuel Crompton, of Wood End, near 
Thirsk, on the Manor House Farm, when the workmen 
were cutting a second crop of Grass on a portion of 
sward land. The crop -was exceedingly luxuriant, and 
being somewhat surprised at the circumstance, he in- 
quired the cause, when lie was informed that once or 
twice in the season liquid manure was applied, com- 
mencing early in the spring. This, therefore, was a 
strong proof, in his opinion, of the beneficial results to 
be expected from the application of liquid manure, and 
which, he had no doubt, would lead farmers to pay 
more attention to the subject. 
Ia, ORKNEY : Annual Report.—[We are happy to make 
the following extracts from a very favourable report 
of the progress of agricultural enterprise in this far 
distant part of the country. ]— The paralysis which 
came over agricultural enterprise in Orkney about the 
year 1830,and continued until the commencement of 
the present Society, was occasioned by the almost total 
loss of revenue from kelp, long the staple commodity 
ot the county, and increased by the very low prices of 
grain and live stock, causing a decline of profits and 
continued exhaustion of means, which made the land- 
lords as well as the tenantry unwontedly sensitive to the 
pressure of every demand, and fearful of increasing 
burdens already too large, by outlay in farming im- 
provements. In the slow but steadily progressive 
= 
= 
amprovement of the skill industry and daring of our 
fishing population, the greater facility of intercourse 
eee 
with the south by steam and otherwise, and the conse- 
quent opening of new markets for our produce, but, | 
above all, in the capital which many landlords are now | 
supplying to their tenants at a fair rate of interest, for | 
the improvement of their farms, the Society must see 
the dawning reaction, which already, it may be trusted, 
after so protracted a depression, sheds the light of 
There are many good points about these buildings, 
and one or two which, in my opinion, are far from 
praiseworthy. In illustration of the former, observe the 
connection of the parts ; it is on this that the economy 
of the labour carried on within the buildings depends. 
improved prosperity on this remote and long neglected 
county. That landlords and tenants may not ‘be dis- 
appointed of a fair return from their outlay in money 
and labour, the committee hope to be excused for press- 
ing upon the attention of both the absolute necessity of 
clearing the way, so far as the power is theirs, from all 
the en neumbrances and obstruetions to improvement, 
with which the old and barbarous usages of the islands 
may have covered it ;'and with this view, they would 
suggest the division and laying in severalty by straight 
lines of march of all commons and runridge or rundale | 
farms, the total extinetion of the present breed of wild | 
sheep, the enforeement of winter herding, the putting | 
down of promiscuous pasturage, and the determined | 
prevention of that most destructive and useless practice, | 
so prevalent in Orkney, of paring the surface of the 
common or pasture lands for removal to the arable| 
The stack- -yard lies to the west (observe the arrow) of 
the barn. It is a double row of ricks with a raised 
road between them, on which a moveable tram-road is 
laid. The unthrashed grain is brought to the barn by 
this railroad, and the straw after passing through- the 
machine is delivered into the straw barn. Thence it is 
carried with but little labour to the stables, feeding- 
stalls, and yards. The roots, Swedes, Turnips, Carrots, 
&e,, are piled on land to the east of the cart-shed 
(No. 10.) A store of them is kept in the shed (No. 12), 
| and they are there cleaned and wheeled into the apart- 
ment No. 3, where the cutters are situated; they are 
| there eut, and thence carried with little labour along 
| the stable gangway, as well as along that by the side of 
| the cattle stalls, and from that the cattle are fed; and at 
the same time (throug! h holes in the wall, between 5 and 
8); soare the sheep in the pens under the shed in the 
adjoining yard. The sties for sows, porkers, and bacon 
hogs are all situated near the steaming house; the 
cartsheds near the stables, the granary by! the thrashing 
barn. In addition to what is exhibited on the plan 
there have been erected, at a cost in labour of not more 
than 5s. a head, boxes about 9 feet by 10 for 18 cattle. 
These are situated along the side of the road west of 
the foreman's house (No. 17), and they are near the 
green-food shed (No. 12.) But there are faults to be 
found in these buildings, though not perhaps in the 
arrangement of them. One fault is the existence of the 
large yard No. 15, 150 by 80 feetin extent. The shed 
along one side (No. 7), is now converted into cattle- 
boxes, so that this extensive, and I may add expensive, 
yard is now nearly useless. Where court feeding is 
adopted, that modification of it which involves the "use 
of hamels or small yards for only two beasts in each, 
is decidedly preferable to any other. These small yards 
can all be placed in the proper aspect, an advantage 
which cannot be secured in the case of a large court, 
shedded all round. In describing the buildings at 
| Whitfield I would mention the thrashing machinery, only 
