16—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 259 
demised, and also will keep in good repair all the gates, 
rails, pales, stiles, hedges, ditches, fences, banks, bridges, 
mounds, and drains on the said lands, the said A. B., 
his heirs and assigns, furnishing on the said premises 
or within miles thereof all rough timber, brick, lime, 
tiles, and all other materials whatsoever for making 
such repairs. 
And that the said dwelling-house and other buildings 
having been valued by persons of skill at the entry on 
the said premises by the said C. D. at the sum of £ 
Which valuations are ineluded in the schedule hereunto 
annexed, the said C. D. shall and will at the expiration 
of the said term, or at the time of his leaving the said 
premises, whether it be before or after the end of the 
Said term, deliver up to the said A. B. all the buildings 
80 valued in good repair, and shall aud will pay to the 
said A. B. the whole sum by which the said buildings 
Shallhave become lessened in value by reason of his 
neglect to repair the same ; and in case any dispute 
Shall arise with respect to the decreased value of the 
Same, such dispute shall be referred to the decision of 
two arbitrators, or their umpire, chosen as hereinafter 
provided ; but the said C. D. shall not in any case be 
liable for any damage caused by tempests, and a reason- 
able deduction shall be made for the natural decay and 
wear and tear of the premises while occupied by him. 
And that the said C, D. shall not sell or assign over 
thislease, nor underlet the lands hereby demised or 
any part thereof, unless with the written consent of 
the said A. B., and shall use his best endeavours to 
protect from injury by cattle or otherwise all trees or 
quickset hedges growing upon the said lands, and shall 
not lop or cut any of the trees so growing, Pollard- 
trees excepted. 
nd it is hereby agreed that at any time in the six- 
teenth year of this demise, or in any subsequent year, 
the said A. B. may require the said C. D. to grow such 
crops on every portion of the said lands as shall be pre- 
scribed by the said A. B., he, the said A. B., delivering 
in writing to the said C. D. the course of cropping pre- 
Scriked by him ; and in ease the said C. D. shall object 
to crop the land as proposed by the said A. B, the 
point in dispute shall be referred to the decision of arbi- 
trators, or their umpire, chosen as hereinafter provided. 
And that the said A. B. shall at all times have power 
for himself, or his agent, to go upon any part of the 
Said demised lands for the purpose of inspecting the 
State of repair of any part thereof, and of ascertaining 
the state of the management and cultivation thereof ; 
and in case the annual renting value of the said de- 
mised lands shall have suffered decrease by reason of 
the said C, D.'s failing to repair or to eultivate the said 
lands according to the rules of good husbandry, the 
said A. B. may give notice to quit to the said C, D. at 
any time before the 25th day of March in any year, and 
the said C. D. shall quit and deliyer up possession of 
the said lands on the 29th day of September next en- 
suing after such notice has been received by him; and in 
that case arbitrators, or their umpire, appointed as here- 
Inafter ioned, shall the damages to the land and 
buildings caused by such breach of covenant, which sum 
so assessed the said C. D. shall pay to the said A, B. And 
in case the said C. D. object to quit after receiving such 
notice, he may require that the dispute shall be referred 
claims in respect to any matter contained in this 
emise, as well as the several matters herein declared 
to be referable to the decision of arbitrators, shall be 
settled and decided by persons of skill, appointed in 
the following manner :—that is to say, the said A. B. 
shall ehoose one such person and the said C. D. shall 
choose another to be arbitrators, who shall upon being 
appointed forthwith choose an umpire, whose decision 
in ease the said arbitrators disagree shall be final ; and 
, | should either the said A. B. or the said C. D. refuse or 
neglect to choose his arbitrator within a month after 
being required to do so by the other, then either the 
said A. B. or the said C. D. shall have power to choose 
and appoint two arbitrators who shall decide by them- 
selves or their umpire, and such decision shall be equally 
binding on both parties as if each had appointed one 
arbitrator. 
In witness whereof these presents written on this and 
the preceding pages are subscribed by the said 
parties a£ in the county of and in the 
presence of 
TURNIP CULTURE — VALUE OF THIN 
LA? 
[We extract the following from the columns of the Ayrshire 
Agriculturist.] 
x the following remarks upon the growth of the 
Swedish Turnip, I wish to draw attention to a point 
which does not appear to have been sufficiently inves- 
tigated—the space to be allowed for the growth of each 
z 
ant, 
In the south of Warwickshire, the district from which 
I write, the crops of Swedish Turnips were unusually 
good this season ; and several of the farmers had the 
curiosity to ascertain the weight grown per acre. The 
experiments were, in general, carelessly performed ; 
but some were executed with such exactness as to fur- 
nish data that may be depended upon. In the cases 
here presented, the ground was measured with the ut- 
most accuracy, and the Turnips taken up, cleaned, 
freed from their tops and roots, weighed, and counted. 
I regret that, not having notes of all the trials, I can 
only give the details relating to the two farms upon 
which the best crops in the neighbourhood were grown. 
The result to which the whole seemed to lead was, that 
on good land, the thinnest crops were the heaviest. 
ots 1, 2, and 3, were grown by Mr. Haywood, 
Oversley Lodge, near Aluster. The soil was a rich 
sandy loam, and the manure was ploughed in during 
October, 1844. The seed was sown broadcast, about 
the end of May ; and the slight variations in the thiek- 
ness of the plants are to be attributed to accidental dif- 
ferences in thinning, which is, of course, rather a 
difficult operation, when this objectionable method of 
sowing is employed. ots 4, 5, 6, and 7, were pro- 
duced by Mr. Haywood, jun., at Salford, upon a slight 
gravelly soil. The seed was planted in drills about 
22 inches apart. This was done early in June. In all 
the lots the Swedes were of the sort called “ Skirving's 
Improved." 
PAS E 
$ th 2 Ze 
3 BES So3/ S32. 
á 3 lwanure per acro. 2 3 3| 5e SES Elwo 
S| S't anare'per Gene: e cde ie SNe es eight per 
a EK Bum S5 ESSE Acre. 
E AS RSERSCTE 
to arbitrators or their umpire, chosen as pro- 
vided ; and if they shall decide that the said lands have 
not been materially deteri d by the g t 
the said C. D. such notice shall be void; and if they 
shall decide otherwise the said C. D. shall quit, and 
shall pay to the said A. B. whatever sum the said arbi- 
trators or their umpire shall judge to be a reasonable 
compensation for the injury done to the said lands by 
the said C. D. 
` And that in the event of the said C. D. becoming a 
bankrupt or insolvent, or of his making any bill of sale 
or assignment of his estate or effects, or refusing to pay 
in full the rents herein reserved within one month after 
ihe same shallhave been lawfully demanded, the said 
A. B. shall have power immediately to re-enter and re- 
possess the lands herein demised, paying to the said C. 
D. bl p i ‘or such imp ef- 
fected by the said C. D. as have increased the annual 
renting value of the said lands, the amount thereof being 
adjudged by arbitrators or their umpire, chosen as 
hereinafter provided. 
And the said A. B. covenants with the said C. D. for 
quiet enjoyment of the herein demised lands ; and that 
ihe said A. B. shall insure all the buildings upon the 
Said premises, provided always that in ease such in- 
Surance shall be rendered void by the said C. D. having 
on the premises goods of a hazardous nature, or by other 
circumstances caused by the negligence of the said C. 
D. he, the said C. D., shall pay to the said A. B. the 
Whole amount withheld by the insurance office, : 
And that the said A. B. will effectually drain at bis 
Own cost and charge every part of the said lands which 
Yequire drainage, and that the said C. D. covenants to 
pay an additional rent after the rate of 57. for every 
1007. expended by the said A. B. from the time of the 
completion of the whole or any part of the drainage 
and during the continuance of this demise. 
And that the said C. D. shall and will during the 
time he holds the said lands under this demise farm 
them in a good and husbandlike manner, and shall not 
break up or convert to tillage any of the land marked 
in the schedule annexed as pasture or meadow land | 
Without the written permission of the said A. B. or of 
is agent lawfully authorized. | 
And the said A, B. and C. D. mutually covenant and | 
agree that any dispute arising in settling their respective | 
m 
Nov. 8/20 two-horse cart! 
loads of fresh 
Tns.ewt. qr. 
farm-yard 
15 0 
2 |Dec. 0 0 
3 |Dec. 72 
4 |Noy. 
36 19 8 
5 [Nov 
28 16 1 
6|Nov. 29/6 cwt. do. 32 8 1 
7\Nov. 29|Night-soil 1:27.36. 1 
Taking the average of the first three lots, which were, 
as has been stated, decidedly the best in the neighbour- 
hood, we find that 444 square inches were occupied by 
each plant, which is equivalent to a square of 21 inches 
in the side. hen the faet that the seed was sown 
broadeast, and many little Turnips were left close toge- 
ther in the furrows, is taken into consideration, it is 
plain that 444 inches is considerably under the average 
space occupied by each full-grown plant. From the 
same circumstances, it arises that while the great ma- 
jority of the Turnips were at least 8 lbs. in weight, the 
average is little more than 51 Ibs. 
Assuming that 444 square inches is the proper space 
on good land, it is easy to determine the distance which 
should be left between the plants in drills of a given 
width. For example, supposing the width of the drills is 
27 inches, divide 444 by 27, and we shall have 16 asthe 
distance from one plant to another in the rows. From 
what I have seen in Seotland, where the drills are 
about the width just mentioned, or a little more, I should 
think the Turnips are left much closer together ; and, 
in this part of England, where the drills are seldom 
wider than 22 inches, still less space is allowed. Now, 
though it cannot be affirmed from these few instances, 
that 444 square inches are necessary for the full de- 
velopment of the Swedish Turnip, it is certain that a 
very heavy crop can be produced at that rate; and it 
remains to be proved, whether a crop equally heavy can 
be grown where much less room is granted. 
There is one great defect in the experiments just de- 
tailed, namely, that wherever there appears a great 
disparity of weight, there is a difference in the manure, 
or in some other essential circumstance. This defect 
naturally arose from the fact that the Turnips were 
not planted for the purpose of experiment. Thinness is 
but one of many circumstances that affect the produc- 
tiveness of a crop ; and it is quite possible that a thin 
crop may be lighter than a thick one, provided the 
latter has superior advantage in soil and eulture. The 
thing to be ascertained is this, whether all other cir- 
cumstances being the same, a thin crop will not surpass. 
a thick one? This question might be easily settled by 
experiments within the reach of every practical farmer; 
and, if the attention of agriculturists should be drawn to 
the subject, the object of the present communication 
will be gained. 
It is acknowledged by all, that excessive thickness of 
plants spoil a crop; and it is certain, that excessive 
thinness will be equally bad. Between the two extremes, 
there must be some point at which the produce will be 
a maximum ; yet, judging from the diversity of prac- 
tice, not only in different districts, but in the same, we 
are led to think that farmers, in this matter, act upon 
no fixed principle. 
Theory would seem to indicate, that on every soil the 
Turnips should be at such a distance from each other 
that the whole surface of the ground should be covered 
by the leaves, but that the leaves of different plants 
should not ming:e much with each other. Itmust be re- 
membered, that comparatively a small part of the Turnip 
is derived from the soil, the rest being drawn from the 
carbonic acid of the atmosphere, by means of the leaves. 
he leaves and roots, however, require a considerable 
quantity of inorganie matter ; and it is therefore neces- 
sary, in order to economise the nutritive qualities of the 
soil, to grow as much bulb as possible in proportion to 
the roots and leaves, This is accomplished by increas- 
ing the size, and diminishing the number of the plants. 
In a good soil the roots do not require to go far in search 
of food to nourish the leaves; these, therefore, are 
thrown out rapidly, and, if unimpeded, will cover a large 
extent of ground. They abstract carbonie acid from 
the under stratum. of the air; and provided the whole 
surface is covered, get all that can be got,and what 
they acquire is applied in the most economical manner 
to the nourishment of the bulb. On the other hand, 
where the plants are too thick, the leaves of the differ- 
ent plants interfere with each other; the supply of 
carbon is insuffici the plant struggling for breath, as 
it were, makes an effort to throw up leaves vertically 
to cateh the fresh air. This requires an additional 
supply of inorganie matter; a new demand is made 
upon the roots, which are obliged to extend themselves 
in all directions. In doing so, they absorb a part of 
the scanty supply of carbon acquired by the leaves ;. 
thus the bulb is starved, the whole energies of the pls 
being taken up in forming the organs of assimilation 5 
the soil is exhausted, and the crop rendered unprofit- 
able. This is an extreme case, but, wherever sufficient 
room is not given, the effects are the same in kind if 
less in degree. It is true, that the substances taken 
from the soil to form superfluous leaves are again re- 
turned to it, but their profitable use for the season is 
prevented. 2 
Perhaps on poor soils the spz^« may be lessened, be- 
cause the whole plant being stunt, the leaves will not 
require so much room for their development. 
It is by experiment, however, and not by reasoning, 
that a point of this kind can be settled. Nothing can 
be more fallacious than the estimates even of experi. 
enced men, when guided by the eye alone; a thick crop 
being almost invariably rated too high, and a thin crop 
toolow. If I should induce any intelligent farmer to 
test the question, by the chain and the balance, my 
object, as I have already said, will be aecomplished.— 
J. Bo Priors Salford, Stratford-on- Avon, March 2, 
1846. 
Home Correspondence. 
Cure for Potato Disease.—1 am led to conclude that 
the disease may be cured in the parent root. The plan 
I propose is cheap and simple. When the best seed 
that a planter may possess has been picked out and cut 
in the usual manner for planting, they are to be placed 
in tubs, and the interstices filled with dilute oxygenised 
muriatic acid. I feel well assured that the sets would 
by this means be thoroughly disinfected, and at the 
same time the incipient, if not the entire vegetation of 
the plant, be greatly promoted.—47. Kemp, York 
Hotel, Bridge-street, London. 
Plough versus Spade,—Your valuable correspond. 
ent, « Oxygen,” having in his letters inserted in your 
Papers of the 25th of Oct. and 8th of Nov. last, ex- 
pressed an opinion that the plough or spade does not 
cultivate the earth on the best principles, I should be 
happy to send him drawings of an implement I am now 
using, which, I conceive, fully attains the object he had 
in view, both in a cheap and efficient manner.—Richard 
Smith, Upper Hall, Droitwich, Worcestershire. 
Sewage Manure.—The value of sewage water, 
although appreciated in some parts of the Continent, 
and in Scotland, is little if at all known in England. 
From the advance in science, and the low ebb of agri- 
eultural improvement compared with manufactures, the 
fact is the more surprising. lt is not only the waste, 
amounting in the metropolis alone to millions per annum, 
not only the injurious and deadly effects from the escape 
of the pernicious gases,which are to be considered in the 
application of this material ; but it is, in fact, in aecord- 
ance with Nature’s laws by the provision made by 
Nature’s God, that what now constitutes the plague of 
London is intended to enrich the soil—enriching it in 
the most appropriate and suitable form for all vegetable 
matter to use or assimilate for its growth, diluted or 
strengthened as the plant is able to bear—to be sup- 
plied by pipes, as the “ Metropolitan Sewage Manure 
