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16—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 261 
couraging habits on the part of the servants, which the 
essayist thinks, from experience, would ere long become 
general, if the means of adopting them were afforded. 
He states that in the Lothians and other parts of the 
country, the ploughmen or hinds are generally married 
men, accommodated with their families in cottages 
attached to the farm. To their condition the foregoing 
remarks do not, of course, apply. Their habitations, 
however, generally consist of but one room, a system 
which is most properl, d d as one i patibl 
with comfort, and ealeulated to extinguish all proper 
delicacy in the minds of the rising generation. Through- 
out the essay Mr. Dirss states the various grievances of 
his class in à most proper and commendable spirit ; he 
concludes by urgently requesting the landowners to 
direct to the subject an increased measure of their 
attention. 
Mr. BAILLIE observed that he was very -happy 
the attention of the meeting had been called to this 
subject, He was afraid that landed proprietors, in 
building farm-steadings had not hitherto sufficiently 
idered the dation and comfort of servants. 
As this was a matter of great importance to a largeand 
useful class of labourers, he begged to state that in his 
opinion the Highland and Agricultural Society should 
avail themselves of the hint thrown out in this paper, 
and in framing their list of premiums for next year, 
should offer a prize in certain counties to the proprietor 
who shall, in the course of two or three years, build the 
most approved farm-steading, especial reference being 
had to the sleeping accommodation of servants of both 
Sexes, such premium being confined to farms of a rent 
not exceeding 200/. 
An Essay on the Diseases of the Larch, by Mr. 
Newton, of Drumeross, was next read by the Secretary. 
Mr. Gigpwoop, Featherhall, Corstorphine, read a 
report of experiments in deep ploughing, by Mr. Wil- 
son, Eastfield, Penicuik. Mr. Wilson remarks that, 
among the various improvements which have followed 
the introduction of thorough-draining, subsoil-plough- 
ing is one of the most important. Besides being a va- 
luable auxiliary to draining, by breaking the tenacious 
till, and facilitating the escape of water, it enables the 
farmer gradually to increase the depth of vegetative 
mould by the admixture of virgin earth from the sub- 
soil, The farm on which Mr. Wilson's experiments 
were made is nearly level, with a northern exposure 
and a soil varying from gravelly earth to tenacious 
clay, It had for many years been ploughed from 5 to 
6 inches deep, aud at that depth a hard crust or pan 
had formed itself, which in some places was almost im- 
pervious to water, and in a great degree neutralised 
the effects of furrow-draining. The first field experi- 
mented upon consisted of 13 acres, partly heavy on a 
clay subsoil, partly light on a gravelly subsoil. It was 
Subsoiled across the drains in October and November 
1844 ; a depth of 6 or 7 inches having been first taken 
by the common plough, which was followed up by the 
subsoil plough to an additional depth of 7 to 8 inches, 
Two acres were ploughed in the usual way. In pre- 
paring for green crop in spring, no difficulty was found, 
where the subsoil plough had been, in working through 
the crust orpan. The whole field was equally manured 
with a moderate supply of farmyard dung and guano, 
and was sown with Yellow Turnips. The appearance 
of the whole crop was similar till August, when that 
portion of it in the subsoiled land took the lead, and 
when it was lifted in the end of October, the produce 
per aere where subsoiled was 26 tous 17 ewt., and only 
20 tons 7 ewt. where ploughed in the old way, yielding, 
at 124 per ton an excess per acre of 37. 18s. consequent 
on the experiment. The second experiment was made 
ona field of deep earth inclined to sand on a subsoil of 
sandy clay. Two acres were subsoiled 15 inches deep, 
two were ploughed 6 or 7 inches, and two ridges were 
trench ploughed 13 inches. The field was ploughed 
Across in spring, mauured in the drill, and planted with 
Potatoes. The crop was lifted towards the end of Oc- 
tober, when the quantity yielded by each portion per 
acre was—subsoiled, 7 tons 9 cwt. 2 qrs. ; trenched, 7 
tons 1 cwt. 2 qrs.; ploughed, 6 tons 14 cwt. 1 qr.; 
which, at 27. 5s. per ton, gave an excess per acre to the 
trenched land of 16s. 8$d., and to the subsoiled of 
U. 14s. 33d. Another experiment was made on a field 
intended for Barley after Potatoes. The Barley was 
sown about the 1st of April ; the subsoiled portion kept 
the lead throughout ; the erop was cut on the 22d of 
September, and wheu thrashed the produce on the 
Subsoiled land was 8 qrs. 3 bushels Barley, and 36$ 
ewts. of straw, and on the ploughed 7 qrs. 4 bushels, 
3 pecks, and 28 ewt. straw ; the difference in money 
being about 27. 9s. per acre in favour of the subsoiled. 
Another experiment was made when ploughing a field 
in February, two ridges of which were subjected to 
subsoiling to the depth of 12 inches. This was not fol- 
lowed by any beneficial result, and the author questions 
the propriety of subsoiling for a grain crop when the 
ground is in lea, as itis difficult to lay the furrows so 
compactly as they should be for the reception of seed. 
Deep or trench ploughing, he thinks, may be advau- 
tageous to soils of a deep nature, but sometimes inju- 
vious to those which are thin, with a sterile and tena- 
cious subs il, Subsoil ploughing, however, if judiciously 
Performed, he considers, can seldom do harm, and that 
à great variety of soils, especially after furrow draining, 
Will derive much benefit from the operation. Mr. 
Girdwood remarked, that he agreed with Mr, Wilson 
In his views of the soils which should be subsoiled. 
he operation had not been followed by any great 
change in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh ; that, how- 
ever, he attributed to the previous. draining and deep 
cultivation, which had gradually effected what subsoil 
ploughing is meant to produce. The immense crop of, 
Barley detailed under one of the experiments was well 
worthy of notice. Mr. Girdwood, in conclusion, called 
the attention of the meeting to a defect which he had 
frequently observed in the Essays sent to the Society ; 
he referred to the use of indefinite terms, such as earthy 
loam, sandy élay, &e. He thought that some code as 
to this might be laid down by the Society, for the regu- 
lation of writers of prize essays. 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
SUBJECTS FOR DISCUSSION. 
13. THE POLICY OF BREAKING UP PERMANENT PASTURE. 
1. How would the Landlord be affected 2—With him the per- 
mission rests, and if he would be injured by it, no permission 
will be given. This question, then, is the first for discussion. 
Will a farmer pay a higher rent for arable than for pasture 
land? .Consider, too, in which condition the rental, whatever 
it may be, is likely to be the more permanent. 
2. How would the Farmer be affected ?—Take the cases in 
which he would willingly pay a higher rent ; for in those only 
will permission be granted him to convert his pastu ind 
consider whether capital invested in arable or in pasture farm- 
ing he more productive. 
. How would the Labourer be affected ?—There can be no difti- 
culty here. Arablefarming is much more laborious than dairy- 
ing or grazing. And probably it is to a higher condition of 
agriculture, which arable culture certainly is, that we must 
look for the absorption and employment of the rapidly increas- 
ing numbers of the labouring population, 
4. How would the Nation be affected ?—Consider the influence 
of more abundant food, of abundant and productive employ- 
ment, and of extensive investments of now unemployed capital 
jn a manner connected most directly intimately with the 
national ** wealth,” 
Wincucoms: Tenant Rights—March 21.—At the 
monthly meeting of this Club, this subject was introduced 
by Edward Holland, Esq., of Dumbleton, President of 
the Club. The above subject was seleeted in conse- 
quence of.a communication received from the London 
Farmers’ Club, containing a report of a meeting of the 
members of that Club, at which the question of “Tenant 
Rights” was discussed, on which occasion it appeared 
to be the opinion of the majority that parliamentary 
interference was necessary to secure to the tenant a 
legal claim to p tion for imp ma 
during his occupation of a farm, and for which he had 
not received a fair return, but the value of the estate 
being thereby inereased, of which the landlord received 
the benefit at the tenant’s expence. The view of the 
subject taken by Mr. Holland was adverse to any Act 
of Parliament interfering in a bargain betwixt landlord 
and tenant, which he argued, is precisely similar to any 
other bargain.made between two individuals, the price 
of the artiele sold or let depending on its intrinsie value, 
and the terms on which it is bought or rented being for 
the private consideration of the purchaser or tenant, in 
which any legal enactments would, in a free eountry, 
infringe on the liberty of the people. The peculiar dis- 
advantages. suffered by tenant farmers arises (he 
thought) from the too frequent practice of renting land 
as yearly tenants-at-will, and the uncertainty of this 
tenure, preventing such liberal inyestment of capital 
in manure, and good cultivation as is necessary, in 
order to bring the soil to great and profitable produc- 
tion. The natural and common sense remedy for this 
evil is that of lease for such term as will enable the 
ocecpier in rotations of crops to receive the benefit of 
inereased production, consequent on the skill and capital 
employed. The Evesham Agricultural Association (of 
which Mr. Holland is a member,) entering into his 
views on this subject, have lately given much attention 
to it, and after communicating with other societies, and 
eminent farmers, have drawn up a form of lease [pub- 
lished in another column] which it is presumed will 
protect the estate from deterioration, and at the same 
time give full scope to the tenant safely to invest his 
capital in such manner as he considers likely profitably 
to increase the fertility of the farm he occupies. After 
entering into several other points of the subject tend- 
ing to corroborate his observation, the question was 
fully discussed by the members of the Club, and the fol- 
lowing resolution passed by a large majority.— Resolved, 
“That it is the opinion of this meeting, that the inter- 
ference of the legislature between landlord and tenant 
is uncalled for, since the recent changes in the laws 
affecting agriculture, and its being now placed on the 
same footing as other branches of industry, make it 
evident, that in future the interest of the landlord will 
be to let his Jand to men of capital and skill only, and 
such men vill not invest their property without due 
Security being given them for a fair return for their 
investment." “That the secretary be requested to 
transmit this resolution to the editor of the Gardeners’ 
Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, and inclose there- 
with a copy of a lease, whieh, it is the opinion of this 
Club, would, if adopted generally, tend greatly to im- 
prove the practice and profit of agriculture throughout 
the kingdom."— J. F. Peacey, Hon. Sec. 
ENLOCK : The best Form of Agreement between 
Landlord and Tenant.—This subject was taken into 
consideration by a very large and influential portion of 
the members, and the question was very fairly, fully, 
and liberally entered into by the landlords, agents, an 
tenants present ; and the most satisfactory part of the 
p dings was the unhesitati i man- 
ner in which all present came to the conclusion, that 
the time had arrived when all agreements should con- 
tain clauses giving to the tenant fulland ample compen- 
sation for his improvements, and the value of all unspent 
manures, on the termination of his tenancy. This prin- 
a 
© 
ciple being admitted, the members present (being ably 
assisted by some of the members of the Ateham Club) 
then endeavoured to draw up the best form of agree- 
ment, when, after a very animated discussion, it was 
resolved, that the best form was that drawn up by the 
Loughborough Association, as inserted in the * Journal 
of the Royal Agricultural Society,” vol. vi, part i., 
p- 47, with the addition of having the game reserved to 
the landlord, except rabbits, which ought to belong to 
the tenant, and with permission to destroy them in any 
way he thought best. 
Mebiewws, 
Instructions for Making Unfermented Bread; with 
Observations. By a Physican. Taylor and Walton, 
pper Gower-street. 
A rRACT On a subject to which we have already more 
than once directed the attention of our readgrs. See 
page 25, Agricultural Gazette, 1816. It is a simple 
statement of the advantages of this mode of baking, and 
of the details of the process. We extract the following 
formula and directions :— 
To Make White Bread. 
Take of Flour, dressed or household .... 31b: 
Bicarbonate of Soda, in powder 4 oz. 
droge (NOR OSI AIO EE : 
Hyde peat, L 7) 5 fluid drachms, 
voirdupois, 
fluid ounces. 
+ » $02. Troy. 
rown Bread. 
Take of Wheat Meal *. 
Bicarbonate of So 
Hydrochloric (M 
(speci : 
3 Ibs. avoirdupois. 
inp 4 drachms Troy. 
tic) Acid —) 5 fluid drachms and 
y L177. 2 inims, or drops. 
id ounces. 
Water 
alt. . « n 902. Troy. 
“ First, mix the soda and flour as thoroughly as pos- 
sible, which is best done by shaking the soda from a 
small sieve over the flour with one hand, and stirring 
the flour all the while with the other. In general this 
will answer sufficiently ; but the end will be attained 
more certainly if the mixture be passed afterwards once 
or twice through the sieve} Next, dissolve the salt in 
the water, and add the acid to it—taking care to perfect 
the mixture by stirring them well together. Then, mix 
the whole intimately as speedily as possible, using a 
wooden spoon or spatula for the purpose. ‘Ihe dough 
thus formed will make two loaves somewhat larger than 
half-quarterns. They should be put into a quick oven 
without loss of time. This is most conveniently done 
in long tins. The oven should be made hotter than for 
common bread. A portable one, where there is no 
other, and a common fire, will answer the purpose. 
bout an hour and a half will be reqüired for the 
5 
baking. 
Calendar of Operations. 
Tn 
weather is still extraordinarily wet for the season of 
the . There is but little land in the country that has been 
fit to work many days during the past fortnight, Nearly inches 
of rain have fallen with us since the beginning of the month, 
and thatis about one-tenth of the fall for the year ; the laud is 
now as wet as it has been any time during the past six months, 
Under these circumstances, operations are very much behind. 
hand. Oatsowing and Barley sowing, which ought to have 
also been delayed. 
hand the first dry days. We have already 
hus. it is to use a frame, stretch- 
ing two parallel lines about 18 inches apart. hree women 
and one man form a party ; the man sows the mixed seed and 
sand, two of the women prepared the furrows for it scoring 
the ground as her line with their hoes, and the third covers all 
up with a coarse rak On land which works well they can 
thus sow nearly an acre in : 
—and land will be ready for th 
cultivation. Were the land ready and the weather suitable, 
the planting of Mangold Wurzel seed should now proceed, 
We shall refer to this subject next week. 
Wotices to Correspondents. 
Booxs—A Constant Reader—Professor Johnston’s “Lectures on 
Agricultural Chemistry and Geology” is the most complete 
Petzholat’s Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry ” is 
cheaper and plainly written. F 
Canxors— Thos Randell—You may put the quantity of oxide of 
manganese in these roots as they are taken from the field at 
oue ounce to every thousand pounds, About Mr. Clarke's 
plough you shall hear soon. | eae 
AL Tan—S—There is nothing in it which renders gypsum 
peculiarly suitable to mix with it, and we should greatly 
fear using it at all as a top-dressing on growing plants of 
any kind i 
Covcn-Gnass—J B—Dig or fork the patches out of your Sain- 
foin. Harrowing will not help you. 
Drawws—J H—Stones broken to through a 2-inch screen 
areas good a material for drainage as tiles; but they are 
* Thatis, Wheat well ground, but retaining the whole of the 
ran. The productions from meal, by sereening, differ some- 
what at different mills. The most usual are, in succession, 
bran, fine bran or coarse pollard, fine poliard, coarse middlings, 
fine middlings, flour No, 3, flour No. 2, or seconds, flour No. 1, 
or household. By separating one or more of these only, meal 
or flour of various qualities may be obtained, and bread made 
adapted to every habit. When families make their own bread, 
and find that the meal as it comes from the mill does not suit 
ran separately, 
ié. 
eans they will be able, both to select their bran and 
by rubbing the flour and soda together carefully with the 
hands, m 
