17—1846.] 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
the last qr. 56s,, the average to be deduced would be as 
follows :— 
When for Three Years. 
208 
Ist Year 52 by4 = 2 
255 Year  48by4 — 192 
d Year ) g ad 
LastQr. J 56 = oe 
8d. average of Three Years. 
"wo Years. 
Ist Year — 48by4 
2d Year 56 
Last Year f° 
Home Correspondence. 
Tenant Rights.—I have for some time noticed a 
Erowing desire amongst agricultural tenants, led on 
presume by similar demands in Ireland, for what 
May be considered equivalent to fixity of tenure, viz., 
Comp ion for ieult impr ts made by 
the tenant ; and I have from time to time perused in 
Your Gazette various suggesti for the plis} 
ment of this object. As far as I have been able to 
make out, they have originated with the class of tenants 
solely, and not the highest and best of that class, and 
I think the claim is a mistaken one, and the means 
Proposed unfair, and open to every sort of fraud an 
trickery. To talk of Acts of Parliament to regulate 
the contracts between landlord and tenant is mere 
Childishness, and it is equally weak to complain of 
tenants being injured by want of compensation for 
improvements made by them to the soil or buildings. 
I challenge any of your correspondents to give me a 
Single instance of any material improvement made by a 
tenant for the benefit of his landlord for which he has 
Not been remunerated either in the shape of a reduction 
of rent, an extended term, or a profitable increase to 
himself from the individual improvement. If the case 
falls within the last category, I submit to you that the 
tenant though he may have improved his landlord’s 
Property has no moral claim for compensation. What 
he did was for his own exclusive benefit, and he has 
reaped the profit of it. I do not wish it to be under- 
Stood, far from it, that a tenant is to make lasting and 
Substantial improvements for the benefit of his land- 
lord without compensation, but I say, let them be 
matter of contract, and specifically defined by it before- 
and. When a landlord lets his land is it not fairly 
Presumable that the tenant knows pretty well its worth 
and makes his bargain accordingly. If the land be run 
Out he pays less rent for it, and a term of years is the 
Consideration in addition to the tenant for its improve- 
ment. So with regard to the buildings, if they are in- 
adequate or out of repair, let the tenant come to a clear 
Understanding with his landlord as to their repair, 
extension, or improvement, and provide accordingly by 
hislease. Itisin every way inexpedient to have after 
reckonings and valuations like those suggested by the 
form of lease in your last Gazette. Neither party 
would be satisfied, perhaps; I am confident the land- 
lord would not, for he is always necessarily more or less 
at the mercy of his tenant, and he would be open to the 
Erossest impositions. Every one connected with agri- 
culture in the south is aware of the scandalous impo- 
Sitions constantly practised on landlords and in-coming 
tenants in valuations of acts of husbandry which they 
Cannot be altogether protected against even by the aid of 
the most experienced and honest land valuers ; but once 
Open the door to valuations between the landlord and 
tenant for what he styles improvements and unex- 
hausted manures, and rely uponit we should soon see 
an end of the system. The best covenant in my humble 
Pinion which can be inserted in a lease with a view to 
i € improvement of agriculture is that the tenant shall 
n no case have two following crops of corn, and the 
best caution is that no landlord take a tenant who has 
Not a capital equal to 20/. an aere, and immediately 
Available for its employment on the land. The curse of 
agriculture has been, and is the want of capital R. L. 
n reference to the last sentence we say, “No doubt 
of it.” But to urge the necessity of a capital of 2U/. per 
Acre! is absurd. ‘That sum over the occupied acres of 
Great Britain would amount probably to five times the 
available capital at this moment in the hands of British 
armers, 10/.an acre is the mosta tenant will ordinarily 
Need.) 
Deep Draining.—Will you permit me with reference 
an article on deep drainage, which appeared in your 
9. 11 of this year, from the pen of Mr. Mechi, to in- 
quire through your columns what was the breadth ‘at 
the Surface and at the bottom of his drains, also whether 
the. were cast simply with the spade, or with it and 
e aid of the pickaxe and tramp pick ; also the cost 
Per rood of six yards or other measure, with the rate 
of labourers’ wages at the time by the day or week in 
his neighbourhood. An early reply would greatly oblige 
any of your readers, and also— 4 North Briton. 
Drainage —The Grass field called “ Horse Leas,” in 
the Parish of Tortworth in the county of Glo’ster, is of 
‘Somewhat clayey soil on a retentive clay subsoil, con- 
aning thin but frequent beds of slaty rock. It is 
hi acres 2 roods and 21 perches in extent. It has 
itherto been very inferior grazing land; being un- 
f ained, the growth of Sedges and Rushes has “been 
Ostered, while that of the richer Grasses has been dis- 
“ouraged. It has been drained during February and 
to 
March of this year 3feet 6 inches deep, at. intervals 
912 yards, During the operation numerous shallow 
clay drains were eut across, whieh had been entirely 
useless for keeping the land dry. No water was ob- 
tained till the drains had been cut 3 feet deep, then it 
oozed out, and between that and 3 feet 6 inches deep a 
considerable body of water escaped. This was the 
ca: all over the field. Now, the subsoil was 
composed of alternate beds of clay and rock, which 
sloped or dipped at a considerable angle, and it is im- 
possible to suppose that a series of springs were met 
with all over the field as soon as a depth of 3 feet was 
attained. The fact, doubtless, was, as Messrs. Smith, 
Parkes, Mechi, &e. have illustrated, that the soil was a 
porous medium ; in this case of such texture that (its 
weight overcoming the capillary attraction of the earth) 
a eutin it needed to be 3 feet deep before the water 
would drain out of it. The cost of this draining has 
been as follows :— 
1480 perches cut 33 feet deep, tiles placed, earth 
filled in, and turf replaced, at 74d... .. £46 5 0 
25,000 14-inch pipe-tiles, 12s, per thousand, and 
ös, per thousand hauling .. .. .. .. 1815 0 
£65 0 0 
or 3l.5s. per acre. The land is now dry.—John 
Cobban, 
Manure Frauds.—In your Paper of the 4th, there 
is a very sensible letter of Mr. Lawes, calling the at- 
tention of farmers and the public generally to the gross 
frauds practised in the sale of African Guano, Mr. 
Lawes suggests as a remedy the appointment of an 
inspector of manures. I fear that plan could scarcely 
be carried into effect, as many cargoes are shipped at 
once to the different outports, whence they are dis- 
persed in various inland directions. I think if the 
farmers would resolve to purchase no Guano but Peru- 
vian, and at the same time be fully assured of the re- 
spectability of the party from whom they purchase, 
hey may in a great measure guard against disappoint- 
ment. At the present moment no good Ichaboe Guano 
can be purchased under -7/. 12s. 6d. to 8/. per ton,while 
the best Peruvian is from 107. to 11/., according to quan- 
tity. Now, taking the average quantity of moisture in 
the two qualities, Peruvian Guano at 10/. 10s. per ton 
will be found much cheaper than African at 8l., putting 
side the certainty of having an artiele in the former 
that will not deceive the farmer. The high character 
of the importers of Peruvian Guano, Messrs. A. Gibbs 
and Son, and Messrs. Cotsworth, Powell, and Co., the 
agents of Messrs. Myers ‘and Co., of Liverpool, must be a 
sufficient g tee to purel that no l i 
would be allowed at their warehouse, while myself and 
all the London dealers are but too happy to deliver our 
sales direct from their stores.— Edward Purser, 40, 
New Bridge-street, London. 
Tenant Rights.—1n discussing the question of tenant 
rights at farmers' clubs, it would be very useful to 
collect as much practical information as possible on the 
duration of the benefit of manures, particularly artificial 
nianures, such as bone-dust and sulphurie acid, guano, 
&e. Willany of your correspondents take the trouble 
to furnish information on this subject }— Hill Side. 
Spring of Water.—1 have some land near the 
Downs, in Sussex, in a part of which a spring of water 
of considerable volume occasionally breaks out, and 
runs for weeks, and then suddenly dries up and disap- 
pears. It has occured to me that this occasional or 
temporary spring might be made permanent by boring, 
and that there are persons who profess to find water in 
any part of England, upon the principle of * no cure, 
no pay.” Can any of your numerous correspondents 
tell me where any such party ean be communicated 
with 1—M. E. A. 
Wages.—1n Lincolnshire and Norfolk farm-servants 
are paid high wages, from 14s. to 15s. per week, and 
are said to be good workmen ‘generally. How many 
hours does a ploughman having the care of a pair of 
horses keep them at work from May to September in 
those counties? Eight hours is considered.a full day's 
work in the midland counties.— Znguirer. 
What is the general Market Price of Jerusalem 
Artichokes ?—They appear to be very scarce about 
Manchester. I am asked in the market for vegetables 
1}d. to 24d. per lb. and they do not appear to be 
sound. At the seed-shops I am asked 4d. to 6d. per 
lb. I; purposed setting some in lieu of Potatoes, but 
the seed, I find, will be very dear.—G. B. C. 
Cross Croppiny.—The plan of taking two, and very 
generally three, corn crops following, is, I am sorry to 
say, adopted in this neighbourhood by some of the old 
school. I have endeavoured to convince them of their 
error, but they will not listen. They say, if they were 
to have green crops between, their arable land would be 
all in tillage, and they should not be able to keep so 
much stock, by their not having so many acres into 
Grass as they have by their present method. I hope 
you will again, very shortly, try what you can do to 
convince them, and paint in more glaring colours, if 
possible, than you have already done the injury they do to 
themselves and the public. hen we see persons pur- 
suing plans directly opposed to their own interest and 
that of the community, I think it a duty of all who 
know the impropriety of such disputes, frequently to 
endeavour by all possible means to make them follow 
those methods which will tend to benefit the country, if 
they could be brought to see directly the advantages of 
it to themselves. J. White. 
Societies. 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
A Weexty Ccunciu, was held at the Society’s 
House in Hanover-square on Wednesday last, the 22d 
275 
April; present, the Right Hon. Lord Porrman, Presi- 
dent, in the chair. His Grace, the Duke of Richmond, 
, 
Earl Spencer, Viscount Hill, Lord Braybrooke, Hon. 
R. H. Clive, M.P. ; Sir John V. B. Johnstone, Bart , 
M.P.; T. Alcock, Esq. ; D. Barclay, Esq., M.P. ; T. 
Raymond Barker, Esq. ; John Raymond Barker, Esq.; 
S. Bennett, Esq.; T. W. Bramston, Esq., M.P. ; W. 
R. Browne, Esq. ; Col. Challoner; F. C. Cherry, Esq. ; 
E. D. Davenport, Esq. ; C. Hillyard, Esq. ; W. Fisher 
Hobbs, Esq. ; J. Hudson, Esq.; G. Kimberley, Esq. ; 
John Kinder, Esq. ; J. H. Langsten, Esq., M.P.; Col. 
MaeDowall; W. Miles, Esq., M.P. ; R. Milward, Esq. ; 
F. Pym, Esq. ; Prof. Sewell; S. Solly, Esq. ; W. R. C. 
Stansfield, Esq, M.P; C. Tawney, Esq. ; T. Beale 
Browne, Esq. ; Capel Cure, Esq.; A. E. Fuller, Esq., 
M.P.; A. Majendie, Esq.; A. Ogilvie, Esq. ; T. 
Turner, Esq. ; and T. R. Tweed, Esq. The following 
new members were elected :— 
Moore, John, High House, Morpeth, Northumberland. 
Severn, John Percy, Penybont Hall, Radnorshiré. 
Tanner, A. O., Brook House, Edmonton, Middlesex. 
Plummer, Matthew, Sheriff-hill, Newcastle-on- Tyne. 
Pettat, Rev. Charles Richard, Aske Rectory, Over 
Milburn, John, Crawcrook, Ryton, Newcastle-on-T yne. 
Lumsden, John, Moussen, Belford, Northumberland. 
Gray, Alexander George, Neweastle-on- 
Woods, Richard, Osberton, Worksop, Notts. 
Tawkes, Mathew, Melton-Constable, Dereham, Norfolk. 
Smith, Thomas George, T ou, Alnwick, Northumberland. 
Stanton, John, Hayward's-field, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 
The names of 38 candidates for election at the next 
meeting were then read, T 
Prize Essavs.—Mr. Pusey, M.P., chairman of the 
Journal Committee, transmitted to the Council the 
reports of the Judges in the Classes of Essays on Grass- 
lands and Measure Works, from which it appeared tha 
the adjudications stood as follow : 
— GRASS- LANDS, 
1, Prize.—The Essay bearing the motto, “‘ Improvements but 
not Innovations." 
“ Labor omnia vincit.” 
** Esse-posse-prodesse." 
* And the land shall 
2. Highly Commended.— Ditto 
3. Commended.— ditto 
4. Commended. Ditto 
5. 
yield its increase." 
. Commended.— Ditto “Roderic U de Valero," 
IIL— MEASURE WORK. 
1. Prize,—The Essay bearing the motto, ** Experientia docet." 
The President then opened the sealed motto-papers 
containing the names of the authors, corresponding 
respectively with the -prize essays in each of these 
classes, when the following adjudications were declared 
and confirmed :— 
I. To Mr. Jonn BRAVENDER, surveyor, &c., of Ciren- 
cester, Gloucestershire, the Society’s Prize of 
50/., for the best Essay on the “ Advantages or 
Disadvantages of Breaking-up Grass Land." 
II. To Mr. Huen Raynpirp, of Hengrave, near 
Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, the Society's Prize of 
201., for the best Essay on * Measure Work (locally 
known as Task, Piece, Job, or Grate Work), in 
cially on the habits, comforts, and general eondition 
of the employed : the whole deduced as much as 
possible from personal experience, and affording to 
parties unacquainted with the practice, the means 
of estimating its advantages, and the information 
necessary for carrying it out.” 
The Council having ‘also confirmed the commenda- 
tions bestowed by the Judges upon the four Essays on 
* Grass Lands,” the President stated that the whole of 
those communications were highly important and inte- 
resting, and reflected great credit on their. respective 
authors, the Judges having found it a difficult task to 
decide between the competing merits of the Essay to 
which the prize had at length been awarded and the 
one which they had so “ highly commended.”—Colone} 
CHALLONER trusted that an opportunity would be 
afforded to the members of perusing these valuable 
essays which had been thus strongly commended ; 
and a hope was expressed generally, by the members 
present, that the authors would place their respective 
papers at the disposal of the Journal Committee for 
publication, and the general information of the Society. 
Farming Accouwrs.— The Judges appointed to take 
into consideration the various Essays sent in to com- 
pete for the Society’s Prize of 107. for the best 
method of keeping Farming Accounts, reported to the 
Council that they did not feel justified in recommending 
any of the Essays submitted to them, as possessing 
sufficient merit in reference to an exposition of such a 
system of keeping Farming Accounts as would be con- 
sidered worthy of the prize or the approbation of the 
Society. 
The PmrsrpENT then stated that, having conferred 
with Mr. Tawney, one of the auditors of accounts on 
the part of the Society, and with Mr. Kimberley, a 
member of the Council, he would, at the next monthly 
meeting, submit to the consideration of the Council 
the propriety and desirableness of appointing a special 
i on this imp subject, with a request 
that such committee will report to the Council the re- 
sult of their deliberation on the best and simplest mode 
in which the accounts of a practical farmer can be kept 
in the most clear and satisfactory manner. 
NkwcasrLE AurHoRITIES.—Messrs. Clarke, Fynmore, 
and Fladgate, Solicitors to the Society, transmitted to 
the-Council the duplicate agreement from Newoastle- 
upon-Tyne, signed by the Mayor, and impressed with 
