kep 
18—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
289 
ERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN GUANO ON 
SALE, BY THE ONLY IMPORTER: 
ANTONY GIBBS ann SONS, LONDON : 
ana 2E JOSEPH MYERS ax» CO., LIVERPOOL; 
nd by their Agents 
bS BRIG / AND. 00., LIVERPOOL and BRISTOL; 
YOR, LONDON. 
S, 
Ne 
ent: 
GIBBS, BRIGHT 
COTSWORTH, POWELL, anD PRY 
To protect themselves against the injurious consequences of 
using inferior and spurious guano, purchasers are recom- 
mended to apply only to Dealers of established character, or to 
the above-named Importers, who will supply the article in any 
ty. at their fixed prices, delivering it from the Import 
arehouses. 
G UANO AND OTHER MANURES.—The under- 
X on the best terms, viz. :— 
an. 
Ditto—British, (made on the strict analy- | wor Wheat, Oats 
sis of Peruvian.) | Barl Arad 
SUPERPHOSPHATE OF LM see Roya ka 
Agricultural Society’s Journal vol. 
è y, Beans, Tur- 
[nips, Mangold Wur- 
el, Potatoes, Tares, 
| ass, ÜC. 
t2. 
Bonn Dust and Harr-1Ncu BONE. 
Bonn SHAVINGS, 
yrsum—For Clover, Cinquefoil, Trefoil, Vetches, &c. 
NrrRATE or SoDA—As a stimulant for Wheat, Oats, Barley, 
rass, &c. 
NITRATE or POTASH. q 
SILICATE or Sopa, 
SILICATE or Porasu. 
'RE-S —as a top dress for Old Pastures, Olovers.leas, 
&e., being a complete purifier. 
AGRICULTURAL SALT—for Compost Heaps, &c. 
UnATE—for Wheat, Oats, Barley, Turnips, &c. on hot land. 
SurPnunic Acrp—for dissolving Bone Dust and Bone Shavings. 
Sopa Asu—for destro; Vi 
ng Wire-worm 
As a top dress for Wheat. 
known value. 
Apply to RGILL, 40, Upper Thames-stre 
London, Agent for le's Hand Dibbies, adapted for every 
description of seed. The Machines may be seen, and further 
Particulars had as above, 
LIQUID MANURE. 
ENGLAND INDEPENDENT OF THE WORLD FOR CORN. 
HE attention of the Agricultural Interest, at this 
momentous crisis, is requested to the great importance of 
ppro- 
y for 
ARK 
e purpose, either portable or fixed ; Garden, Ship, and Barge 
umps; also those for Distillers, Brewers, Soap Boilers, and 
Tanners, for hot and cold liquor. Pumps kept for hire, for 
Excavations and Wells. ‘Buildings heated by Hot Water, for 
Horticulture, and every variety of manufacturing purposes. 
The Trade supplied on advantageous terms, by BE 
Fowxer, Engineer, &c., 63, Dorset-street, Floet-street, 
GUPERPHOSPHATE OF LIME, 71. per ton, at 
Mn. LAwzs's FACTORY, DEPTFORD CREEK. 
EF OT WATER APPARATUS.— The attention of 
Architects, Builders, and others, is respectfully requested 
to BENJAMIN FowLER’s superior method of Heating Churches 
Stair-c: ‘Ons 
Stair. 
Bi 
EIE: 
or Drying Timber, &c., and every variety of purpose for which 
artificial heat is required, Within the last 20 years some 
hundreds of buildings have been heated upon this plan, and 
A x- 
ntly ex 
ouch for 
ei y. An improved wrought-iron boiler, which re- 
Quires no brickwork, may be seen in action upon the premises, 
BENJAMIN FOWLER, 63, Dorset-street, Fleet- 
The Agricultural Gazette. 
SATURDAY, MAY 2, 1846. 
MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING WE 
JH 
À Agricultural Society ef Englan 
Wapwnsax, May 6} Highland and Agricultural Societ 
HORSDAY, — 7 of Ireland, 
Wepxspay, —  lü—Aurieultaral Society of England. 
Tavaspax, . — 14—Agriculsural Imp. Soe. of Ireland. 
LOCAL SOCIETIES. 
Lland s uen TOT, 
FARMERS? CLUBS, 
May 4—St. Columb — Newatk— | May  R—St. Germains — Chelms- 
Markerhill | ford—Hadleigh— Wakefield 
~  5—Wingerworh—Ardleigh— | Lich fel 
Wa'ford — Jedbu s 
ich fi 
rtford—Probus-. Winch 
z — s- 
Quivox — Framlingham — | comb—Carditf — Northamp- 
Koc! - ton 
gavenny—Wootton Basset | — 11 West Hereford Wenl 
~  6—Braintree and Bocking— | —W. Market. Cirenve: 
Harleston. — Yoxfor nin- 
—  q-Blefeld and Walsham— | ster 1 — Great 
Richmondshire Grove | Oakley 
1y—Hawick ==  19.8r. Peters 
ES piden tha —  16—Halesworth — Wadebridge 
ton —T'avistock— Deben 
Dunne the past winter we have consumed in our 
Yards about 1400 tons of Swedish Turnips, Mangold 
urzel, and other roots, and probably 120 tons of 
Straw. The consequence is that we have now in 
aps in the fields and about the buildings upwards 
of 3000 cubic yards of Manurr. And it is upon 
the application of this that we depend for the pro- 
duction of a similar quantity of food for stock 
another year, and for the maintenance unimpaired 
of the-fertility of the farm. We could not waste 
“ny of the manure manufactured during the con- 
Sumption of the farm-produce ; we could not per- 
2 it the urine of the sheep, cattle or horses to run 
i the neighbouring brook, without experiencing 
dum our carelessness a loss at harvest time, and a 
Minished ability to maintain the stock we have 
hitherto kept. And we should find it necessary to 
Make up for the deficiency by the otherwise unne- 
essary expence of purchasing manures elsewhere. 
Ow, apply all this in a review of British Agri- 
Culture, Consider England as one large farm. 
mmediately after harvest the produce of the land 
Sradually concentrates and is consumed in certain 
Spots at intervals of 20, 30, or 40 miles, all over the 
Country, for the towns here are the farmeries and 
for all the food consumed in them? Where is 
the dung-heap by each to correspond with our 
3000 cubic yards for every 1500 tons of vege- 
table food? Take London as one of them :—One- 
eighth of the population of England resides there, 
and one-eighth of the agricultural produce cf Eng- 
land is consumed there. But where is the manure 
for the land derived from this vast ion ? 
have been cultivated, and upon the skill and industry 
with which their tillage has been conducted, than upon 
any peculiar properties inherent in their nature, 
vast proportion of the land now cultivated in this 
country was originally in no respect better than a very 
considerable proportion of the wastes which remain to 
this day neglected and uncultivated. It has been 
brought to its present state of productiveness by the 
T H 
Į 
The Wheat sold at Mark-lane is measured by mil- 
lions of bushels ; the cattle and sheep sold annually 
at Smithfield must weigh 130,000 tons; the whole 
of the agricultural produce of land equal in extent 
to seven of the neighbouring counties, with their 
4,000,000 of acres, is consumed in the metropolis. 
What return in the shape of manure is made to the 
land for this vast drain upon its fertility? Scarcely 
any. A radius of 60 miles around this centre does 
not traverse the extent thus robbed ; a radius of six 
describes nearly all of it to which any fertilising re- 
turnis made. To maintain our simile: London is 
not only the largest, it is the worst managed farm- 
yard in the kingdom, for a river runs right through 
it, and carries off all the manure that is made in it. 
And this is true more or less of every other town 
in this country; and the fertility of the land un- 
questionably suffers much from this wasteful con- 
sumption of its produce ; that is, it would, did we 
not, to diminish the injury, adopt the expensive 
policy of purchasing manures at a cost of some mil- 
lions of pounds annually, and importing them from 
a distance. 
The agricultural importance of the subject of 
Town Sewace can scarcely be overrated. After 
a very long period, during which it has experienced 
a most anomalous neglect, we are glad to find that 
it is at length attracting the attention of capitalists. 
Companies are being formed for the collection and 
carriage of the manures hitherto wasted. One, at 
any rate, the MzrRoroLrTAN Sewage MANURE 
Company, is before Parliament; their bill has passed 
its second reading, and without doubt it will soon 
pass through its remaining stages; and then we 
may hope for energetic measures being taken for 
the removal of that which has so long been the dis- 
grace of British agriculture. 
We have had the pleasure of reading a pam- 
phlet* just published by Mr. Marrin, this Com- 
pany’s “Projector,” developing the methods in which 
he proposes that their operations shall be con- 
ducted. We are exceedingly anxious to excite 
amongst our readers some interest in this subject, 
and for this purpose we cannot do better than re- 
commend this pamphlet with its accompanying 
plans for their perusal and examination. They 
may depend upon it that the drainage of towns, 
even though induced only by its influence upon 
health, and the collection and transmission of the 
drainage for agricultural purposes, will be the great 
engineering operation of coming years. Itis cer- 
tain to be a profitable undertaking to whoever shall 
engage it—it is the liquid portion which is the most 
valuable part ofthe drainage, and thus the means of'its 
conveyance by pipes and channels to a distance are 
both easy and obvious—there are no very great or 
expensive difficulties in the way—and those who 
first set about acquiring and diffusing an acquaint- 
ance with the merits and the statistics of the sub- 
ject are likely to derive the earliest and greatest 
advantages from it. We have not space here to 
detail the particular methods which Mr. Martin 
proposes to adopt in order to collect and transmit 
the sewage manure of London into the neighbour- 
ing country ; for information on this and other 
points we must referto his pamphlet, which we once 
more commend to the attention of our readers. 
SSS 
ON THE STATE OF HUSBANDRY IN LOWER 
BRITTANY, 
WITH INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITION OF 
THE FARMIING POPULATION THERE, COMPARED WITH 
THE SOCIAL STATE OF THE ANALOGOUS CLASSES IN 
IRELAND. ` 
By MARTIN DOYLE. 
(Continued from p. 258. 
Tar variety of crops obtainable from such poor and 
shallow soil as that deseribed at p. 191 is an evidence 
g t l industry of man, and the same persever- 
ance which sueceeded jin fertilising the inclosures of 
this country (England) would produce a similar result 
on the; wastes which abut upon them. If man will 
but labour upon the earth, and open its bosom, the 
atmosphere will deposit therein an increased supply of 
the fertilising principles with which it is abundantly 
charged.” Fertile loams are not compounded by any 
industry and skill of man, as a cook would compound a 
pudding of a required consistency with certain ingre- 
dients. Take, says the cookery book, so many pounds 
of flour and suet and sugar and salt, &c. ; mix them 
well with a spoon, boil them so many minutes, and you 
have a delicious pudding. The theorist in soils, with 
book in hand, arranges his work by the fire-side some- 
what in the same manner. To a stratum of clay so 
many inches deep add a certain quantity of sand, ditto 
of powdered bricks ; then take so many barrels of lime 
well slaked with a strong solution of salt, add a few 
other substances, and then mix the whole together with 
a harrow, turn it over with the plough, mix the condi- 
ments again and again with the harrow, and you have 
an admirable loam, Even assuming that a man had all 
the ingredients of a fertile soil at his command, man 
could never combine them as the Creator amalgamates 
the component parts of the earth for our use. It is in 
our power to a certain degree to correct the deficits of 
soils by judicious admixtures, and render them mode- 
rately fertile, but no art can render a naturally bad soil 
equal to a perfectly good one by nature. 
We cannot deprive the following paragraph of even a 
single sentence, it is so accurately descriptive of the 
slow but gradual progress of the cultivation of land 
unproductive in its natural and unreclaimed state, but 
rendered fertile by human industry. “On a barren 
waste of land first rose a baronial or monastic mansion ; 
around this feudal or religious residence a few strag- 
gling huts sprung up, to these a few inclosed crofts or 
eurtilages were gradually attached. The stock of cattle 
these were capable of supporting were in the day-time 
that scarcely any description of moor is actually barren, 
and that what may appear hopelessly infertile by nature 
only demands the labour of man to render it productive. 
By tracing in a few instances the progress of cultiva- 
tion in soils not originally better than those to which 
we have been so long adverting, we come to the pleasing 
deduction that Great Britain and Ireland contain vast 
fields for the profitable application of labour to meet 
the wants of the inereasing population. — 
We are disposed to agree in opinion with the same 
writer, that “ The various gradations of fertility and 
productiveness which different soils now exhibit depend | 
more upon the length of the periods during which they 
Correspond to the buildings where the live stock is 
N t, and their manure manufactured and preserved. 
Ow what return do these towns make to the land 
* “Thames and Metropolitan Improvement Plan." First 
Division. By John Martin, K.L. London: 30, Alsop-terrace, 
New Road, 
1 M. Reiffel. 
permitted to roam at pleasure over the surrounding 
wastes; at night they returned to the inclosures which 
they manured and fertilised. Over these inclosures 
the cottier also spread the sod or vegetable mould, 
which he frequently peeled from the surface of the 
waste. When the population of the village increased in 
number, and required more room, the limits of the in- 
closure were pushed outwards, and a new encroachment 
was committed on the waste. An additional hut was 
built, a new family was added to the community, the 
baron or the abbot acquired a new dependent, the oceu- 
pier of every new hut became the reclaimer and culti- 
vator of an additional croft. This was mostly effected by 
manual labour ; eneumbered with stones or the roots of 
rees, the waste offered no scope for the use of the 
lough, and even when the soil was free from these im- 
pediments, the poverty of the eultivator precluded the 
employment of this implement. In this manner the 
centre of every manor or parish became an aggregation 
of cottages, having small curtilages attached to each of 
them ; together with the right of depasturing cattle in 
the neighbouring wastes.” 
It is this right of pasturage as we have seen which 
has in so many instances prevented land improvements 
in Brittany, and it is the same stumbling-block which 
operates so prejudicially in England, where a mistaken 
tenderness for the poor has raised a ery against the 
enclosing of commons, whereas the persons usually 
benefited by them are the farmers adjoining them, who 
by driving enormous flocks of sheep over them, consume 
the herbage so speedily, and with such effect, that the 
poor cottager, who has ‘' but a little ewe lamb,” a small 
cow, or a few geese to share in the privilege. of feeding 
on the common, finds that they come off with very 
short commons indeed, and that his rights are merely 
nominal, conferring upon him no substantial benefit, 
(To be continued.) 
CESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF 
THE CULTIVA- 
ON THE SU 
VEGETABLE MATTER IN 
TION OF WHEA 
(L'Institut, No. 641. April 15, 1846 ) 
M. Marsiev DE DOMBASLE, who is so well known in 
France from his scientific researches into the means of 
preventing bunt in eorn, has, in a memoir on the nutri- 
tion of vegetables, endeavoured to overthrow an 
opinion generally entertained by eultivators that plants 
do not exhaust land except during the period of fructi- 
fication ; that is from the time of fecundation to that of 
the ripening of the seed. This opinion is founded on 
the generally-admitted fact that a crop mowed just after 
coming into flower exhausts the land much less than if 
it is suffered to become ripe. Thus Clover and Tares 
are considered not merely as innocuous, but in some 
cases even as decidedly beneficial to the land. Besides, 
we know that of all parts of vegetables the seeds are 
those which, in the same bulk, contain the greatest 
quantity of nutritive matter, and therefore, à pricri, itis 
natural to conclude that they require for their forma- 
tion a greater quantity of nutritive principles. 
To these facts M. de Dombasle has opposed others 
quite as well established, which tend to prove that plants 
draw as much nourishment from the soil at the begin- 
