21—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
345 
last No. of * Royal Agricultural Journal," and p. 224 of 
Gard. Chronicle of this year. To ad, genuine, direct from 
the Factory, 28, CLAPHAM-ROAD-PLACE, LONDON, or of any of 
Mr, tter’s accredited Agents, 
P RUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN GUANO ON 
SALE, BY THE ONLY IMPORTERS, 
ANTONY GIBBS anp SONS, LONDON ; 
Wm. JOSEPH MYERS ax» CO., LIVERPOOL; 
And by their Agents, 
GIBBS, BRIGHT, anv CO., LIVERPOOL and BRISTOL; 
COTSWORTH, POWELL, AND PRYOR, LONDON. 
To protect themselves against the injurious consequences of 
using inferior and spurious guano, purchasers are recom- 
mended to apply only to Dealers of established character, or to 
the above-named Importers, who will supply the article in any 
queni at their fixed prices, delivering it from the Import 
LIQUID MANURE. 
ENGLAND INDEPENDENT OF THE WORLD FOR CORN. 
HE attention of the Agricultural Interest, at this 
momentous crisis, is requested to the great importance of 
LIQUID MANURE, and the ease with which it may be appro- 
riated by the use of FOWLER’S PUMPS, made expressly for 
Excavations and Wells. Buildings heated by Hot Water, for 
Horticulture, and every variety of manufacturing purposes. 
The Trade supplied on advantageous terms, BENJAMIN 
Fowrzn, Engineer, &c., 63, Dorset-street. Fleet-street, London. 
O BE LET, with immediate possession if required, 
extensive KITOHEN GARDEN, walled round, of 
nearly four acres and of excellent soil, well stocked with good 
Fruit-trees d three Forcing-houses, viz. 2 Vineries and 1 
Peach-house, with Pits and Frames; together with a good 
Dwelling-house, situate within 22 miles of London and one mile 
from the railway station of a county town. The Garden can 
be let with or without the Forcing-houses. 
For further particulars apply to Mr. GEORGE Simson, Book- 
seller, Hertford, 
‘The Agricultural Gazette. 
SATURDAY, MAY 23, 1846. 
C 
"'aunsDAY, 
Waosseax, June af fone and 
duispars c AARAA Ine BEP OE TEE UY 
LOCALS 
Gal ire—E. Lothian—N. Dincoln--Sh 
FARMERS’ CLUBS, 
June 4- Richmondshire — Blofield 
pham and Guiltoross. 
and Walsham —Hawicle 
5— Wrentham — Hadlei 
May 95—Wellizgton 
=1 97—Newton 
igh — 
Wakefield — Claydon — Lich- 
Hampstead — St, 
e: 
— Newark — 6—Northampton — Swansea— 
Melrose—Durham—Cardiff— 
Abergavenny Collumpton’— Wincheomb — 
3—Braintree and Bocking Probus - Daztfor 
Our readers will find in another column an 
interesting discussion on TENANTs' Rraurs, which 
lately took place at the monthly meeting of the 
VarFonD Farmers’ Crus, We had also hoped to 
have laid before them a form of agreement between 
landlord and tenant, in which this subject should be 
recognised and developed, but have to apologise 
or its unavoidable postponement. The subject, 
however, shall not be lost sight of: we shall resume 
the consideration of it as soon as possible. 
11 
Tux important labour of the Committees of the 
House of Lords, appointed to inquire into the 
Buxpens ow Rear PnorrnrYy, and the IwPrpr- 
MENTS TO ÁGRICULTURAL Transactions, has ter- 
minated, and a report has been presented to the 
House of Lords. With the political discussions 
Which must grow out of the mass of invaluable evi- 
dence thus collected we have nothing to do ; but 
We may briefly mention a few remarkable facts from 
which our readers may draw their own conclusions. 
hey are taken from Lord Monrracre’s admirable 
Teport, of which a few copies are in private hands. 
In the reign of ErizasETH we find that the 
agricultural population was 3,000,000, and the non- 
agricultural 1,000,000. At this time the agricul- 
tural population is 6,000,000, the non-agricultu- 
ral 12,000,000. 
2. In 1814-15 the value of lands, $ 
VC, was s $ 60,130,330 
In 1842.43 » 94,810,599 
tease . . 34,680,269 
Ine 
8. There has been an enormous increase in the 
value of property in the agri-manufacturing dis- 
tricts, amounting in 
Salford to 194 Be cate i 
XM NIS Ee J Petween 1815 and 1841. 
n a smaller scale, but as a more signal instance 
of the enormous increase of value given to landed 
Property by the progress of manufactures, we have 
the two following cases. The Chorlton Hall estate 
Was sold in 1640 for 3002; in 1794 it was pur- 
Chased for 42,914/.; in 1815 it was rated at 19,4847, 
a Year, in 1829 at 66,645/.,and in 1841 at 137,6512., 
9r an advance of 53,000 per cent. Calculating the 
Rossendale has increased in value 41,000 per cent. 
on the original valuation in the reign of James I. 
In like manner there has been a vast increase in the 
value of both land and houses within the last 30 
years, wherever the manufacturing population has 
extended. Thus, 
Value of Land. |} | Of Houses. 
4YonK. | 
North Riding .. 1814 £1,037,106 £74,259 
1842 1,237,765 
1,612,786 
West Riding .. 1814 | 
j -e 1842 | 1,864,811 
LANCASTER. 
Lonsdale, North 1814 89,730 
5 . 18 103,149 
Salford 121,372 4 
Y 145817 1,612,62 
In 1 of the vast of houses 
which have sprung up in all directions, the pressure 
of county rates has been greatly diminished. This 
has been shown to be the case in the purely 
agricultural county of Bedford, which has been 
revalued by Mr. RossELL, after an interval of 107 
years. This county, containing 283,135 acres was 
valued in 1739 at 149,4617., and in 1845 at 457,4492., 
showing an increase of more than 300 per cent. 
5. 'The total value of real property assessed for 
the year 1841-2, was 85,802,735. 8s. 63d.; the 
proportion of which belonging to lands was 
40,167,088/. 5s. 74d. 
6. We have the following unexpected fact as 
regards the diminution of money expended on the 
relief of the poor— 
Population | Rateperheadon 
i England | population ex- 
and Wales. | pended on poor. 
| od. 
1818 10,505,886 12 8 
181; 11,876,217 13 3 
1824 12,517,921 92 
1832 14,105,645 0 0 
1837 15, 3 5 44 
008,963. 
1844 | 16,543,010 6 of 
“ It is thus shown that the rate has been decreas- 
ing, the property on which it is levied augmenting, 
the relative amount apportioned on land diminish- 
ing, and the whole amount expended, as compared 
with the population, been greatly reduced.” 
7. 
increased value at 25 years’ purchase, the value 
Nie augmented, between 1644 and 1844, from 3007. 
© upwards of 3,000,0007. So, again, the forest of 
The increase of fire insurances of farming 
stock, since it was exempted from duty, is as follows 
for England ;— 
Amount of property insured. 
1835—First year of exemption 7,211,603 
1845 .. 
Av bx eue itera AECE IA ORE BL DEBT 
We would have our readers weigh these great 
facts carefully, before they proceed to the considera- 
tion of the opinion that land is burthened by taxes 
more than any other kind of property. 
WE have already on various occasions directed 
the attention of our readers to the Poricy or 
Breaxine ur Grass Lanns. Let us again, and 
in greater detail, lay before them the merits of this 
subject. Its importance is very great. No intelli- 
gent person can disregard it. The profits of the 
farmer, the rents of the landowner, due employ- 
ment for the labourer, sufficient food for the people, 
are considerations all exhibiting the necessity of a 
thorough cultivation of the land. And who can 
say that the permanent growth of the Grasses is 
compatible with thorough cultivation ? 
Let us enter fully, so far as we are able, into this 
subject and exhibit the circumstances which must 
guide, and the motives which must induce the land- 
lord when he resolves to alter the practice which 
has hitherto prevailed in this particular. A full 
discussion of the subject may occupy at intervals 
considerable space in our Paper—its importance 
will fully justify that. 
We consider the question—* Shall I break up 
my Grass lands?” to be but a particular case of the 
more general inquiry—* What crops, under given 
conditions, is it most for my interest to cultivate ?” 
Under some circumstances, no doubt, and especially 
when that crop hasalready obtained an establishment, 
an intelligent review of the case will indicate Grass 
as the most profitable plant to grow; and then it will 
of course be unprofitable to adopt arable culture. In 
other cases (and in these it is necessary to adopt a 
rotation of crops) Wheat, Barley, Oats, Swedish Tur- 
nips, Mangold Wurzel, Clover, &c., will appear to 
promise the greater profit ; and then the fact of the 
land being at present in Grass does but afford the 
stronger inducement to convert it, for the “ rest,” &c. 
which it has enjoyed for so long are circumstances 
greatly conducive to fertility. We put the matter 
thus, because it appears to us that the question— 
* Shall I plough up my meadow-land ?" is but one of 
a class—and that the following are perfect parallels 
to it:—“T have hitherto adopted the following 
rotation of crops ;—1st year, Wheat; 2d, Turnips ; 
3d, Barley with seeds ; 4th, Clover mown ; 5th and 
6th, Clover depastured. Is it for my interest to 
dispense with two out of the three years of Clover 
involved in my present system of cropping ?” or— 
* My land as at present cropped yields in the first 
year, Wheat; in the 2d, Turnips ; 3d, Oats ; 4th, 
Beans; 5th, Wheat and seeds ; 6th, Clover. Ought 
I not to alter this arrangement so as to enable the 
cultivation of crops of greater money value, ang 
affording more employment than some of these, 
such, for instance, as Flax in the fifth year in place 
of Wheat, and Potatoes in the fourth, in place of 
Beans?” Of course the true answers to these 
questions will depend on the circumstances—not to 
speak of climate, soil, and market considerations— 
of the additional capital required to adopt the 
higher cultivation, and the extra intelligence neces- 
sary to the profitable manipulation (so to speak) of 
the new plants grown. And we contend that the 
inquiry “Shall we break up our Grass lands?" is 
perfectly parallel to these: it is but one form of the 
question * What crops shall we grow 2” And the 
answerto it must be determined by our possession 
of the capital and intelligence necessary to the 
successful development of the plan — not to 
speak of the circumstances of climate, soil, and 
market to which we have already alluded. The sub- 
stitution of Wheat, Potatoes, &c., accompanied by 
the mode of cultivation which suits them, for natu- 
ral Grass and the simpler treatment found to favour 
its production, is of course a greater change than that 
merely of Wheat for Flax, or of Beans for Potatoes; 
it is, however, a change of the same genus or descrip- 
tion, and it involves a question whose answer is to 
be determined by the same rules. And we have 
no doubt that when the greater intelligence, which 
the better system doubtless does require, shall be- 
come more general, the clauses in our leases which 
attach pains and penalties to the putting of plough 
into pasture will be as commonly condemned as 
those already are which refuse a place in the rota- 
tion to certain crops now known as profitable for all 
parties to grow. 
But we must further consider the circumstances 
which may affect the determination of the land- 
owner in any particular case. Agriculture is, 
throughout, so entirely a system of expediency ; it 
is so completely dependent for its character on the 
circumstances in which it is placed, that a writer on 
any department of it, who wishes his remarks to be 
useful, must do more than merely urge the accuracy 
of a principle whose truth he is convinced of—he 
must present and develope it under every possible 
variety of condition. 
Look at the subject under consideration :— What 
can be clearer than that it is the interest of the 
nation that its present Grass lands‘should be made 
to yield the larger acreable produce of arable culture? 
Would not the change be productive of more food 
for the people? Would it not occasion more em- 
ployment for the labourer? And would it not yield 
larger profits and higher rents for the tenant, and the 
landowner? And, it might be further asked, are 
not the industry and foresight which the change 
would call into exercise preferable in every point of 
view to the sluggish indifference which the present 
system permits? For over large districts at present 
the farmer does but take what Nature, almost unas- 
sisted, puts into his hands, and the more artificial 
system which we recommend would require both 
energy and thoughtfulness for its successful deve- 
lopment. These questions, put generally, doubtless 
all rightly claim answers in the affirmative ; and 
yet he who should hastily proceed to put the altered 
practice they imply into extensive or indiscriminate 
execution, might find at the close of his operations 
that he himself has derived no benefit from them, 
and that they have been productive of no perma- 
nent good to the neighbourhood. The peculiar re- 
sults of his case have been the consequence of its 
peculiar circumstances ; and these, it now ap- 
pears, he had not duly considered. He had 
not sufficiently calculated on the large out- 
lay for farm buildings which the improved cultiva- 
tion has required ; he had not thought of the larger 
capital involved in arable culture which his tenants 
have not been able to provide, and he had not con- 
sidered the greater energy and intelligence which 
are necessary in arable farming, and which they did 
not possess. It appears, too, that in his hurry he 
converted pastures which were more profitable in 
their original condition ; and that in his zeal he re- 
fused to leave the single fields of meadow which his 
farmers would afterwards have found so convenient ; 
and lastly it appears that the prospect of employ- 
ment having induced the settlement of labourers 
from a distance, the parish poor-rates have not 
been lessened by his improvements. To be sure, 
the annual value of the estate was raised; but the 
tithes not having been commuted, this must, for all 
time coming, be shared with the clergymen of the 
parishes in which it lies ; the increase in its rental 
was indeed considerable, but not permanently so, 
for the cultivators of the land took undue advantage 
of its fertility, and its value to farm was soon 
reduced by their mismanagement ; the profits of 
