21—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
349 
in a drawing by Leonard, taken from Corda. 
The joints of the straw also are not unfrequently at- 
tacked by a small species of Depazea. The leaves and 
chaff are principally infested by the Uredines, one bear- 
ing the epithet Rubigo, the other linearis, and called in 
the country rust, or red-robin. It has prevailed ex- 
tremely this season, in the form of a red rust, exuding 
from the inner surfaces of the young leaves. A 
question has been agitated whether these Uredines are 
not imperfect forms of Aregma in the Rose, and of Pue- 
, cinia in the straw of Cereals and Grasses. In the case 
| of the Uredo of the Rose, some specimens were shown 
Which appeared clearly to indicate such a change ; but 
in that of Puccinia, though the argüments of Professor 
Henslow are of great weight on this point, the speci- 
mens shown seemed only to indicate an appearance of 
Uredo before the development of the septum which 
divides the pear-shaped spores of the former into two 
chambers. The florets of Cereals are attacked by 
common smut, or Uredo segetum. The interior becomes 
abortive, the pedicel swells, and a powder looking like 
soot, which has caused this fungus to be called in some 
places chimney-sweeper, makes its appearance on the 
withered ear. The diameter of a spore is only 5.45 
inch, according to Mr. Bauer. The grain of Wheat 
only is preyed upon by the bunt, Uredo fcetida, so called 
from its foetid smell. In some localities it goes by the 
name of pepper-brand. The diameter of a spore is 
35g inch, whence it is calculated that a single grain, 
in whieh it invariably replaces the flour, may hold four 
millions. It destroys all the ovary, except the integu- 
ment and the stigmata. Some have supposed these 
two last fungi, especially the smut, to be only a mass of 
diseased cells ; but diseased cells would not germinate, 
and the bunt may be seen growing on its mycelium, 
very distinctly, by a good microscope. This growth 
was well illustrated by a diagram. The farmers in 
many places conceive that the Barberry disease ZEcidium 
produces Wheat fungi ; but the only analogy between 
the fungi on one and the other is, that the Avcidium is 
like the Uredo, orange-coloured, and that, like these 
several Uredines, this is also of the order Coniomycetes ; 
but the form is quite different. These fungi apparently 
are developed on healthy planis. The Cladosporium 
herbarum, of which a figure was given from Corda, 
never appears except where ‘the corn is undoubtedly 
diseased. Mr. Sidney also mentioned two curious 
foreign fungi, which have been recently deseribed in 
this periodical—the Chionyphe and Lanosa nivalis. 
With regard generally to the growth of Uredines, they 
may be looked upon as propagating by sporules, and 
may be called entophyta, in contradistinetion to entozoa, 
which propagate by eggs. These sporules have gene- 
there was bunt. The spores of bunt soon had formed 
on these a singular mould, with conjugated spores. 
Those plants which have come up are decidedly intected, 
ut no communication can be traced between the cells 
and the shoots thrown out by the spores. There is no 
intrusion of the mycelium developed by the spores into 
the Wheat, which looks as if the fine contents of the 
Spores do really propagate the fungus ; and if the plants 
yield bunted ears in the autumn, it may be considered 
at the spongioles of the young plants imbibed them. 
This is not, however, as we have seen, the normal mode 
of growth. 
2. The next division was that of Leguminous Plants. 
They are particularly subject to various parasites. It 
has been lately discovered abroad that a Medicago is 
attacked exactly like bunted corn. A Depazea also com- 
pletely destroys crops of Peas in wet seasons, attacking 
all parts, but especially the pods. The chief enemy, 
however, of healthy plants is Erysiphe of various kinds, 
Its growth was described in the Gardeners? Chronicle 
of last April. It belongs tothe order Ascomycetes, the 
Spores being in asci. Botrytides also destroy legumin- 
us plants. This year the Botrytis viciæ has done great 
mischief, When decay has decidedly commenced, the 
Otrytis vulgaris appears. The seeds are also subject 
to mucedinous decay, and are somehow almost replaced 
iption of the devel 
Started, they may increase the malady, and perhaps 
they are started in such early stages of the disease as 
to give fair ground for believing that they originate it. 
The Botrytis infestans was singularly connected with 
Passages of the leaf, and emerges from the stomata, but 
its most luxuriant growth is in the diseased tubers, 
here also many other [curious fungi have been found. 
ms habits of this Botrytis are well described by Mr. 
erkeley, in Vol. I. of the “ Journal of the Horticultural 
Society 5; In general the growth of moulds is a most 
certain filaments may be seen. These are the mycelia 
of moulds, and from them there spring two kinds of 
moulds—Monilia, which are articulate; and threads pro- 
ducing Botrytides, which are never articulate. Albumen, 
or white of egg, mixed with distilled water kept for a 
year, yielded no mould, but a drop of almost any acid 
gave Monilia ; while any caustic alkali, on the contrary, 
was followed by Botrytides. These experiments, with 
the apparent exceptions, are all detailed in the 2d series 
of the “ Annales des Sciences Naturelles.” Mr. Sidney 
stated that he had recently made some kindred experi- 
ments, Albumen gave rise to no mould in distilled 
water. One drop of nitric acid yielded in about a week 
abundance of Monilia; a little oxide of lead added to 
it, which increased and quickened the growth, in Dutro- 
chet’s case gave no mould. Probably there was rather 
too much acid, the proper quantity being about a drop 
to an ounce. Sulphuric acid gave Monilia in a month. 
Althiops mineral, added to the same mixture, gave a 
quantity both of Monilia and Botrytides ; acetic acid, 
with red oxide of mercury, stopped all growth; red 
oxide of lead added to the same gave a great quantity 
of Monilia ; alone, acetic acid had the effeet of much 
development of the same ; caustic potash added to the 
albumen gave Botrytides, some white and some deep 
red. All perfumes almost stop the growth of moulds. 
4. The other plants mentioned, with the fungi infest- 
ing them, were Onions by the Botrytis destructor, Tur- 
nips by Botrytis parasitica on the leaves, the root by a 
kind of Fusisporium. Beet has a Uredo, and last year 
Morren says it was subject to Botrytis. S are at- 
tacked by an Erysiphe, baving the habits of that of 
the Pea. 
5. Remedies or Palliatives.—For Puccinia graminis, 
amendment of the texture of the soil where it has much 
prevailed ; ventilation and light where shade seems to 
have eaused it; checking by various practicable 
methods the over-luxuriance of the young plants; 
rly varieties of corn in places much disposed 
cinia ; avoiding putting on manure directly before 
sowing the seed; hoeing the V 
and getting rid of the weeds. 
superfluous moisture, 
For smut 
alkaline dressings afford the 
surest remedy. They adhere by an oleaginous prin- 
ciple to the seeds, and alkali converts this oil into soap, 
which enables them to be readily washed off. All dress- 
ings of sulphate of copper, of arsenic, &c., are unde- 
sirable, if not pernicious, and the latter really dangerous. 
Wherever there is a careful dressing the bunt does not 
appear ; if the corn seed is not dressed it almost always 
comes largely. Barley ought to be dressed as well as 
Wheat, for an immense quantity is destroyed by smut 
almost every year. Still the smut will not be so easily 
got rid of as the bunt, as it is dissipated early in the 
season, and is much smaller. But the more the farmer 
can diminish it, notwithstanding a foolish prejudice to 
the contrary, the better. For Erysiphe and Botrytis, 
Mr. Sidney said he had known flowers of sulphur slightly 
dusted over the leaves an effectual remedy. Probably, 
also, the experiments on the growth of moulds would be 
found hereafter to lead to practical results. At all 
events, until the agriculturists of England knew the 
nature of these enemies of their crops, they never could 
be led to certain methods of diminishing their encroach- 
ments, which seem almost every year to be threatening 
them with augmented power and numbers. 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
WATFORD : Tenant Rights.—The discussion of this 
subject was continued on the 5th of May. Mr. Currie 
said: The principle of Tenant Rights having been so 
fully admitted by both landlords and tenants at our 
last meeting, which has obtained a degree of notice 
which will I hope be beneficial, I shall at once proceed 
to the discussion of them in detail, not offering resolu- 
tions to your notice, but -going through the various 
heads of them by making such statements as may, after 
ideration and di ion, lead to certain proposi- 
tions being laid down. Injorder to narrow the discus- 
sion which will embrace so many points, I shall confine 
myself to tenancies from year to year, because upon 
such Tenants’ Rights as shall be established the foun- 
dation of a lease can be made, and because, as I stated 
at the last meeting, I believe leases are not much sought 
after inthis partat leastof England; and from what I have 
seen and read, I believe that as good farming may be 
obtained and as much Security given to a tenant by 
yearly agreements, founded on a proper knowledge of 
Tenants’ Rights, as by any lease that can be framed. 
In discussing the question it will be necessary to go 
much into detail with regard to « improvements ;” for 
under this word I shall include both permanent and 
temporary outlay, and it seems more according to the 
importance of the subject to begin with permanent im- 
provements, such as buildings. Itis not very usual for 
tenants from year to year to erect buildings on their 
farms at their own expense. I believe, according to law, 
a tenant has a right to remove any building put up by 
himself on *buystones," where the buildings do not 
enter into the ground, but he cannot remove a building 
attached to the freehold, or even claim an allowance 
for it, except by special agreement. It is quite clear 
that, even in the first case, a tenant cannot be indemni- 
fied for his expenses by removing the building, and a 
right to be paid for it would be a much more satisfac- 
tory course for him as well as for his landlord; and I 
think! it clear, therefore, that on this head as well as | 
with regard to buildings attached to the freehold, a 
tenant right should exist without special agreement = 
but, for the protection of the landlord against fancifal 
or useless buildings, I think he should have some dis- 
cretion as to the class of buildings; and to reconcile the 
reservation to him of this right, consistently with the 
right of the tenant to put up such buildiugs, seems to 
me one of considerable difficulty, and requiring much 
consideration. The easiest course seems to be to leave 
this as a matter for the arbitrators, who are to value 
other improvements ; but I should prefer some course 
which would diminish the uncertainty of this reference, 
or form some guide to the referees as to the mode of 
their valuation. Perhaps the best rule would be that 
no tenant should be repaid for any building erected by 
him unless the same shall have been done with the 
consent, in writing, of his landlord ; and, as a guide for 
the referees, accounts should be made out and settled 
by the landlord and tenant of the expenses of such 
buildings. It would be desirable also that some period 
should be fixed within which the allowance should be 
made, as it is evident that after a tenancy of many 
years the tenant will have been repaid the expense of 
the buildings. Proceeding with the consideration of 
permanent improvements, we arrive at draining. The 
same observation as to this being generally done by the 
landlord arises, and the recent Act of Parliament en- 
abling proprietors of settled estates to borrow money 
for drainage made it more unlikely that the draining 
should be the act of the tenant, I shall not refer to 
any other draining than pipe or tile draining, for am 
other mode is seldom now adopted, and the cheapness 
of those materials, since their manufacture by ma- 
chinery, renders them?preferable to any other. Suppose, 
however, the draining with pipes, or tiles, or stones to 
be done entirely at the expense of the tenant, it seems 
that the fair allowance to him should be seven years ; 
but supposing the tenant has put in the tiles or stone at 
his own expense, with the consent and under the super- 
intendence of his landlord, and having had no allow- 
ance for doing so, and supposing he has had a crop off 
the land, it appears to me he should have, on outgoing, 
an allowance for five years from the time of putting in 
the drains; I have heard seven years mentioned as 
well as three for the period of allowance, and I have also 
taken five years as appearing to be the fair medium. 
It would also be of much assistance in ascertaining the 
sum to be allowed to the tenant, that he should make 
out a yearly account of the expenses of draining for the 
landlord; and in all cases I conceive the plan of draining 
should be submitted to the landlord, as I have seen too 
many cases where the draining having been unskilfully 
done has been worse than useless. I do not find much 
difference of opinion as to the allowance for marling or 
claying land ; it seems that seven years is a fair allow- 
ance for the carriage and labour, and that five years 
should be allowed for lime and carriage. I shall now 
proceed to the question of allowances for such as cannot 
be called permanent improvements. Opinions vary as 
to the length of time to be allowed for bone-dust ; bè- 
tween three and four years are considered fair, but it 
is material to consider the quality as well as the form in 
which bone-dust has been used. If combined with 
sulphurie acid, by which means the phosphate of lime is 
more quickly taken up by the plant, and consequently 
sooner exhausted, it seems to me that two years’ allow- 
ance will be sufficient to repay the tenant. It has been 
suggested to me, by a gentlemen of great practical ex- 
perienee, that the allowance should depend upon the 
application of the bone-dust. If used for Barley, Wheat, 
Beans, Peas, &c., there should be no allowance, but if 
used for top-dressing on Grass-land, allowances ought to 
be made under three years ; if for green crops or fallows 
the outgoing tenant should be paid in full. The subject 
of an allowance for oil-cake is one of considerable diffi- 
culty ; but so valuable is the manure from it when used 
for cattle, that it seems a fit subject for allowance. Mr. 
Williams, the agent of Lord Yarborough, in his letter 
to Mr. Pusey (“Agricultural Journal,” vol. vi. p. 44) says 
the allowance is based on the assumption that the ma- 
nure is improved to the extent of half the value of the 
oil-cake consumed ; but to get a fair average as to both. 
quantity and price, it is made to extend over the last 
two years, and the allowance is two-sixths of the cake 
used in the last year and one-sixth of that used in the 
previous one, making together the half of a year’s con- 
sumption. Oil.eake given to horses is excluded, as I 
conceive the benefit to their manure would be compa- 
ratively trifling, and an allowance for it would tend to 
make cake supersede the legitimate food of the horses 
in the last year of a tenancy. Cake given to sheep in 
the field is also excluded. This decision has been come 
to after careful consideration and inquiry, partly on 
the ground that the benefit to the sheep is sufficient to. 
make it worth while to give cake without regard to the 
manure, and partly from the greater difficulties attend- 
ing the getting a correct account, and the increased 
liability to fraud. And in a letter to the same gentle- 
man (Mr. Pusey) from the Loughborough Agricultural 
Society, containing Suggestions for Improved Agree- 
ments between Landlords and Tenants, the two fol- 
lowing resolutions are stated to have been adopted 
(10 and 11): “For linseed oil-cake and corn used 
for feeding cattle or sheep, one-third of the cost ought 
to be paid for the first year and one-sixth for the second. 
here the manure belongs to the landlord and where the 
manure so made from oil-cake and corn belongs to the 
tenant, an extra allowance ought to be made on the 
value of the manure, in the same proportion as in the 
foregoing rule.” I am inclined to think that no better 
