, 
350 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
[Mav 23, 
rules can be laid down than the last two, but in these 
cases the allowance ought greatly to depend upon the 
managemeré and keeping of the manure. The next 
consideration is, what allowance should be made for the 
cost and carriage of all bought dung and night-soil 
which may be spread upon the land, and this seems to 
vary from three to four years. The Loughborough Agri- 
eultural Society considers that four years should be 
allowed, and that for Rape-dust one-third of the bill 
after a crop of Corn, Hay, and Clover should be allowed. 
"The same Society recommends that an allowance should 
be made for Turnip fallows, namely, the working, rent, 
and taxes to be calculated, and the crop of Turnips to 
be valued, and one-half the value of the Turnips to be 
given to the out-going tenant; two-thirds of the Turnips 
to be consumed on light soils, and I may add that for 
maked fallows on strong land he should be allowed for 
ploughing, and on the labour performed, but not for 
rent or taxes, unless he paid for them on entry. The 
cost of seed and labour of corn sown for the incoming 
tenant is,of course, always paid by the latter. The 
allowances before referred to are made on the pre- 
sumption that all the produce, except corn, meat, wool, 
and the produce of the dairy, are consumed on the farm, 
and all allowances are to be made in equal proportions 
in each year for the period over which they extend, ex- 
cept with regard to the foregoing propositions, as to 
Linseed-oil-eake and corn, supposing also the tenant has 
the right to sell the hay and straw off his farm. With 
regard to guano, and the chemical manures now coming 
so much into use, it is extremely difficult, from their | 
recent introduction and the want of sufficiently accurate 
information as to any beneficial effect beyond the season, 
to prepare any rules. 
I should say that they are so quick | fed and improved a greater amount of stock. 
should be guaranteed a return for all his expenditure. 
He was glad to see that this subject had been so often 
discussed, from which he conceived that much good 
would arise; but he did not believe that the least benefit 
would be derived from any legislative enactment on the 
subject.—Mr. Hrmmem did not think that the tenant 
would be sufficiently remunerated in all eases if pai 
only for the materials of buildings ; but at the same 
time he could not conceive how any landlord could re- 
fuse to repay a tenant his expenditure in doing anything 
that was really useful. He believed the present race of 
valuers as a body totally incompetent to decide on many 
questions which must necessarily be presented to them; 
they did not keep pace with the march of improvement ; 
he conceived they must ily p ientifi 
attainments to decide in many cases on unexhausted 
manures. In one instance a field of his had been top- 
dressed with bone-dust, and in another instance a field 
had been limed, and although in the latter case he had 
previously ascertained that the field contained little or 
no lime, in neither case had these manures produced 
any benefit ; although therefore he was perfectly ready 
and willing to admit that a tenant should be paid for all 
he did, still it was very clear that the landlord ought to 
be satisfied that he was paying for that which was bene- 
ficial to his land.—Captain Foskerr thought that if 
guano applied to the land enabled a tenant to feed on that 
land an increased amount of stock, that the quitting 
tenant should therefore receive a remuneration for the 
guano, — Mr. CLuTTERBUCK replied that where a 
tenant grows and feeds a large crop of Turnips for 
instance, he must certainly make an increased quantity 
of manure; but it must be recollected that he has also 
If any 
in their operations, that no allowance should be claimed | guano is still left in the soil the quitting tenant ought 
by an out-going tenant, except in the case of fallows, | certainly to be ‘paid for it.—The Secretary (Mr. Hum- 
and in that case, when the incoming tenant takes to, | BERT), did not think that tenants, except perhaps in the 
‘and the out-going tenant has no benefit, the prime cost | commencement of a long term, would erect buildings if 
should be allowed. Where Sainfoin has been sown, and | they were only to be paid for them as materials. In 
other permanent pastures laid down by a tenant, I sub- | many localities it was the custom for the landlord to find 
mit that an allowance should be made within three | materials and the tenant to find labour, and in this ease 
years’ growth, provided the tenant has shewn the neces- | it might be readily guessed that the tenant did not ex- 
sary judgm 
Clovers for the soil laid down. 
been much abuse in the allowances, and seed bills in- 
curred much greater in amount than commensurate 
with the improvement of the land from want of proper 
judgment. I shall now quote verbatim the four last 
resolutions adopted by the Loughborough Agricultural | 
Society :—“Such system of cultivation ought to be 
adopted as may be most suitable for the quality of the 
land, and an allowance ought to be made to the landlord 
if such system be not adopted, and for any dilapidations 
in the buildings, fences, gates, and drains. At the ter- 
mination of each year, the tenant shall give an account 
to his landlord or his agent of all money expended by 
him during the previous year, for which he is entitled 
to claim an allowance on quitting his land, If the out- 
going tenant refuses or neglects to enter into an agree- 
ment with his landlord or agent, on or before the 17th 
day of October next preceding the termination of his 
tenancy, then the landlord ought to have the power of 
entering to sow Wheat where the crops do not belong 
to the tenant, the tenant receiving compensation for 
herbage and stubble. The landlord ought to have the 
power of entering, to plough for and sow spring corn on 
the 2d February previous to the tenant’s quitting the 
farm.” All these claims and matters are to be settled 
by two arbitrators and an umpire, to be appointed in 
the usual manner. There are other provisions to be 
inserted in agreements, such as not breaking up old 
Grass land, lopping timber, &c., but these are usual, 
and need not form the subject of discussion on the pre- 
sent occasion, I shall be very glad if the result of the 
consideration of these questions not only here, but at 
other farmers' clubs, should lead to the framing of short 
and plain agreements, which will lead to mutual confi- 
dence between landlord and tenant; and perhaps, in 
speaking as much as I have done of tenant rights, I 
have omitted some precautions which should have been 
suggested on the part of the landlord, for we must bear 
in mind that there are bad tenants as well as hard 
landlords, Iam not an advocate for laying down strin- 
gent rules for cropping, and I should be content witha 
condition that in no case shall a tenant take a second 
white straw crop. In other respects, I should leave 
the tenant to discover the style of farming that will best 
suit his land, for it must be borne in mind that to make 
farming pay, it should be assimilated to a manufacture ; 
that is, to obtain the quickest and largest return, and 
this can only be done by judicious cropping, and 
by keeping the land clean and in good heart.— 
Mr. CLUTTERBUCK said that although the question of 
Tenant Rights might at first sight seem an easy one, 
the more it was investigated in detail, the more difficult 
it appeared. The arbitrators between landlord and 
tenant were required to use their utmost exertions to 
decide fairly and justly on the difficult questions which 
ly presented tl Ives to them, and more par- 
tieularly as to the subject of unexhausted manures. 
The buildings usually found on farms were not adapted 
to the present improved mode of keeping stock, he 
thought that the erection of more suitable buildings, 
unless done entirely at the expense of the landlord, 
presented some difficulties which might perhaps be 
obviated by the landlord agreeing to take them at the 
expiration of the tenancy as materials ; the next tenant 
might then take them from the landlord at a valuation, 
or pay an increased rent for them ; he conceived that 
both landlord and tenant should be satisfied if the latter 
ent in selecting the proper Grasses and | pend much such labour when his tenancy was drawing 
I believe there has | to a close. 
As it was manifestly to the advantage of 
landlords to encourage the erection of suitable and com- 
modious buildings on their estates, he considered that 
they should be taken from a quitting tenant at a fair 
valuation; but then the landlord should previously have 
had an opportunity of deciding whether or not these 
buildings would be useful to any succeeding tenant, and 
consequently beneficial to the property. He was fully 
aware of the difficulty of deciding on many questions of 
unexhausted manures, and he feared that but very few 
valuers united “science with practice" sufficiently to 
enable them to master the subject ; in fact, he almost 
doubted whether anything short of chemical analysis 
could afford a decisive answer to certain points.—C. 
Humbert, Secretary. 
Miscellaneous. 
Lime Sand a Cornish Manure.—We have a very 
great proportion of lime in our sea-sands, the fertilising 
properties of which are valued according to their con- 
tents of comminuted shell ; the amount of carbonate of 
lime being a correct index of the quantity of shell, and 
of the fertilising power in a given specimen. The fol- 
lowing are the proportions of lime found in the sands 
from 14 different districts, by different chemists : 
1, Gwithian and Phillack .. 70 per cent, of carb, of lime, 
Gannel (near the mouth).. 83} 9 
. Porth Poe m . 50 
"treat 
goto 
k Mawes s 
7, Falmouth Harbour 
10. Trevose Bay +. 
11. Blown sand from Bude 
a i 
13. Stanbury Mouth .. 52 a 
14 Widemouth +... 44 Me Tarihin 
Besides carbonate of lime, these sands contain silica, 
alumina, and traces of oxide of iron. The shell also 
contains traces of phosphoric acid. In Worgan’s time 
the carriage of sea-sand was estimated at 32,0007. per 
annum.§—Mr. Karkeek, Eng. Ag. Soc. Journal. 
Cost of Barley Culture.—The cost of eultivating an 
acre of Barley and Grass-seeds is as follows :— 
One ploughing—Wheat stubble .. 6s. 0d. 
One harrowing .. a He FE RE 
Second ploughing. . £3 des 
Second harrowing, sowing, tillage, &c. 
Seed—Barley m Vs he 
6 Ibs, white and red Clover 
2 Ibs. Trefoil E Ms " 
6 to 8 gallons Rye-grass seed w 
—Mr. Karkeek, Eng. Ag. Soc. Journal. 
Calendar of Operations. 
Tux preparation of land for the Turnip seed is now the most 
important point for the farmer’s attention. The rains of the 
A large stream of water from the mines falls into the sea 
at Portreath, which has carried down in the course of ages the 
excess of worthless matters found in this sand. 
+ This is chiefly all coralline deposit, found in the bottom of 
Falmouth Harbour. 
t It is calculated from fair data that 100,000 tons are annually 
removed from Padstow Harbour only, and over the whole 
county no less than 7,000,000 cubic feet are disturbed. 
the expense for land-carriage only was 
; it is probably much greater now. Within 
of calcining the north coast sand, this operation rendering 
it more soluble, and its action on the soil is thereby more | inc aso of fly, and our market in con 
quickly produced, 
last few days will, on most soils, have greatly assisted the till- 
age of the land. Where there is plenty of manure, the best 
method is to apply say two-thirds of it (if well rotten) ploughed 
in broadeast, and one-third in the drills, as we described when 
on the culture of Mangold Wurzel. e young Turnip plant 
has thus the advantage of an immediate supply of food for its 
earlier wants, and the succeeding grain crop also has the ad- 
vantage of a uniform manuring. As to the quantity of seed 
which should be sown, 3 or 4 lbs. per acre will be advisable ; 
for thus only ean it be arranged between ourselves and the 
Turnip fly to aet upon the principle of ‘Live and let live.” 
The braird from a less quantity might be destroyed, but so 
large a number of plants as 3 or 4 lbs. of seed will produce can 
hardly be all devoured. We prefer paying the penalty of addi. 
tional expense in seed and in hoeing, to incurring the risk o! 
hi lants destroyed. The proper season for sowing 
differs in different localities. In Scotland the third or fourth 
week in May is considered the proper seed time of the Swedish 
Turnip. In South England the first week of June will be early 
enough. 
The young Carrot plants will now be coming through, and so 
also will the Mangold Wurzel. Immedia:e attention must be 
given to clean the land between the rows as soon as they are 
distinguishable. The horse-hoe be kept at work 
tween the rows of Beans. Forward Wheats may be mowed 
within 6 inches of the ground. Dissect a plant first to know 
where the young ear is. Do not let the scythe come near it, 
may also 
"Notices to Correspondents. 
RURAL CHEMISTRY, by Edward Solly.—The Second Edition 
revised and enlarged, is now ready, price 4s. 6d. 
AGE or Carrre—@ B—The information shall be given, 
ARTIFICIAL MANURE—J Randell—Please to excuse the delay of 
week. T 
Breepine or Farm Horses—Cestriensis—See another column, 
BREEDING Sows—Constant R—They are put in a large yard as 
soon as their pigs are weaned, having been previously, or 
eing, as soon as possible, put to the boar, and there they 
are fed, now, on Clover, cut Mangold Wurzel, Cabbage-leaves, 
&c., and, in winter, on Potato-wash, cut Swedes, &c., takin 
care by the occasional admixture of oilcake, &c., if required, 
never to let them get very poor. A fortnight before farrow- 
ing they are put up, and fed on steamed Potatoes, and Bar- 
ey-meal, the former ad. lib. ; the latter about 2 to 3 Ibs. daily. 
Brewine—H P T asks for information about brewing beer 
from Spe Wurzel. [We have not received your former 
tter. 
Bunt versus Ox—Enquirer—The greater size of the former 
when fat, will not balance its inferior quality. We have 
tried the similar question in the case of sheep, and must give 
the same answ‘ 
CookE's GuANo—E Weld—We do not remember, and on look- 
ing back cannot find any reference we have made to this 
guano. Wedo not know it: and cannot imagine a guano 
deserving the name purchasable for 3l, per ton, You may be 
assured that all letters asking for information, that have 
reached us, have been noticed, whatever their signature. This 
i erhaps elicit the information you are in search of, 
CLlover— "ieu. f your first crop is good, and you intend to 
mow again, you had better apply a liquid manure if any, be- 
tween times. You might apply guano at that season, and it 
might lie not merely inert and useless, but wasting for weeks 
on the surface of the ground for want of rain to wash it in, 
Currine Cnarr—ELnquirer— m animals haye not been 
accustomed to cut chaff we would not introduce it, if we 
could not get it cut for less than jd. per bushel. That isa 
great price; there are many machines which will cut it 
cheaper. 
‘glass d; o—Gasomeler—$ee last week's Notices. Gas-water 
may be applied at the rate of 300 or 400 gallons per acre, and 
this will be best done directly by water-cart. 
ITALIAN 
the stubble (scarified and harrowed) after harvest, 
o excuse the delay of answers to your other questions 
ManGoLD WunzEL—L L D— Suppose that the soaking 
rains we have had have rendered an auswer almost unneces- 
sar he seed may soak, i, e. lie damp, for five or six days 
without harm, if you are hindered from planting it by wet 
weather ; and as t'o hindrance by dry weather, one can gene- 
rally foretell the state of his land 24 hours, and if he expects 
it then to be perfectly dry, he should not soak his seed at all. 
Picrons—J C asks what is the most efficient method of 
attaching pigeons to their home? Pigeons’ dung may, be 
used in compost as a manure, Consider it as 10 or 12 times 
as strong as good horse manure, and apply it accordingly. 
Suor or Humours—Ball—It can be cured, Consult a veteri- 
nary surgeon.—W. C. S. 
TASTE or Burrer—B F—See page 91. You might try the plan 
there detaile: 
RESPASS—Z M L—If nothing is said about game in your lease 
you may prosecute for a trespass ive notice and then pro- 
ceed if any party after that comes on your ground. 
Wireworm—Devoniensis—Sce page 320. We have little faith 
in the remedy there proposed, but you may try it. 
Misc—Can any one furnish a correspondent with the title, &c., 
of the best book or books on fancy pigeons ? 
*,* Communications reaching town after Wednesday, cannot be 
answered the same week. ` 
EnRATA—At page 325, col, b, line 36 from top, for “ profession” 
read “ pr ons;” and in line 28 from bottom, for 
“readily” read “ generally.” 
Please 
Markets, 
Bent Scots, Herefords, &o. 48 Oto 4a 2| Best Long-wools s 
Best Short Horns. *88 40 Ditto (shorn) ~- 4 0 4 2 
Second quality Beasts - 3 0 3 6j Ewesand second quality — — — 
alves - + s oe 5 0 Ditto (shorn) -36 40 
Best Downs & Half-brede — — | Lambs - - - - 54 64 
E 4 6| Pigs LE 88 50 
Beasta, 9651; Sheep and Lambs, 25,590; Calves, 98; Pigs, 310. 
to-day a tolerably good'supply of Beasts, and trade for them is 
D, 3 
wunsold.—Lambs to-day, generally speaking, are of inferior quality; the 
hese are faw of them, are sold dear.—Good Calves are 32 
o 
Well; in other qualities little is doing, 
FRIDAY, May 22, 
‘The supply of Beasts is very short to-day, and trade is better. Best Scots 
readily make 4s 4d, and Short-horns 4s to 4s 2d ; second quality 3s 2d to 3454 
—Sheep are rather plentiful; trade is dull at Monday's quotations,- The 
supply of Lamb ‘considerably exceeds the deman ere are a greatmany 
of very“inferior quality; tho choicest make about 6s 4d, but the more Bene 
lower; prices range from 3s 4d to 4s 8d. 
= Beasts, 666; Sheep and Lambs, 7700; Calves, 270; Pigs, 290. 
41, West Smithfield, 
HAY.—Per Load of 36 Trusses, 
SMITHFIELD, May 21, 
Prime Mead.Hay 80s to 85»| New Hay 
Infr.New & Rowen 60 70 | Clover 32 
Jonn Coorg, Salesman- 
CUMBERLAND MARKET, May 21, 
Bisto 88s 
60 75 
—sto —s | NewClr, —s to a 
E Straw 
Prime Mead. Hay 
Inferior ga 10 368 
New Hay 
100 | Straw 
Inferior do, 
New Clover — — — 
Josnva Baxxn, Hay Salesman- 
WHITECHAPEL, May 22, 
y 
Fine Old Hay - B0sto 84 ld Ch 
Inferior Hay 7 60 go" | 9 Oerer 1o e| gar. aoa 000 
New Hay - New Clover 
Supply limited. Trade very dull. —  ———~ 
HOPS, Fripay, May 22. 
The accounts from Kent and Sussex EO usd ‘morning state & decided 
r 
mence is advancing. 
"PArrANDEN & Surra, Hop-Faotoye 
