25—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL 
GAZETTE. 
413 
Nurseries throughout the kingdom, x 
8. and Co. beg to inform the trade that at their Manufactory 
in New Park-street, every article required for the construction 
of Horticultural Buildings, as well as for heating them, may be 
Obtained upon the most advantageous terms. 
Conservatories, &c. of Iron or Wood, erected upon the most 
ornamental designs. Balconies, Palisading, Field and Garden 
Fences, Wire Work, &c. &c. 
URBIDGE aw» HEALY'S COOKING APPA- 
RATUS, combining Sylvester's Patents.—This Cooking 
Apparatus is believed to possess greater general advantages 
than any yet submitted to the publie, both as regards strength 
of material and workmanship ; in fact, the laws of heat are so 
Applied as to produce the greatest hh the least p. 
tion of fuel, without destruction to the apparatus ; and B. and 
. can safely recommend it, from experience, as unquestionably 
superior to anything of the kind hitherto made. A Prospectus 
can be forwarded, upon application, detailing particulars and 
Price, at 130, Fleet-street. 
SCHEME EB p tube a iuris RS tegi doi al d 
PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN GUANO ON 
SALE, BY THE ONLY IMPORTERS, 
ANTONY GIBBS AND SONS, LONDON ; 
Wm. JOSEPH MYERS anp CO., LIVERPOOL; 
And by their Agents, 
GIBBS, BRIGHT, anD CO., LIVERPOOL and BRISTOL; 
COTSWORTH, POWELL, anp PRYOR, LONDON. 
and it will be a permanent thing. We shall con- 
sider in detail this branch of the subject when 
E | discussing how the interests of the labourer 
are involved in this matter. At present it 
is only necessary to assert the fact that 
more labour zs thus employed, and that thus a great 
boon is conferred upon society. We do want more 
employment for labourers; they constitute an im- 
to | nense majority of our population—at least one-half 
of the 400,000 annually added to our numbers go to 
increase the number of this class. How are the 
to be employed? It were an incalculable advan- 
tage, even supposing our population to bestationary, 
were such an increase of employment to be offered 
as would raise the condition in comfort of our agri- 
cultural poor. Of how much more importance is 
it, then, that additional employment be provided 
when we consider that our labouring population is 
annually increasing by hundreds of thousands. 
But there are other grounds on which the land- 
lord will base his determination. His tenants may 
be unexceptionable on both of the counts we have 
already di d; and, ith ing this, it 
may not be the landlord's interest to grant them 
permission to convert his pastures ; in fact, in cer- 
tain cases, an intelligent farmer will be justified in 
declining such permission were it offered him. We 
have hitherto been all along considering the policy 
of breaking up those pastures only which would 
ield more rent, more labour, more profit in a cul- 
tivated condition, and we have been pointing out 
the ci necessary to the permanence of 
To protect themselves against the injurious oi 
Using inferior and spurious guano, purchasers are recom- 
mended to apply only to Dealers ofestablished character, or to 
the above-named Importers, who will supply the article in any 
uantity, at their fixed prices, delivering it from the Import 
arehouses. 
TURNIP SEASON. 
GUANO, Peruvian, (imported by GIBBS & CO.,) 
Phosphate of Lime (see ‘ Royal Ag. Soc. Journal,” 
and Olarke's desiccated 
itrates of 
The Agricultural Gazette. 
SATURDAY, JUNE 20, 1846. 
MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING Wes 
inglant 
Tuvnenay, — 25—Agricultural Imp. . 
MWmpwmepAv, July 1—Agricultural Society of England. 
TuonspAv, — 2—Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland, 
LOCAL SOC: " 
Belfast Flax Sooiety- Leyland Havas 
FARMERS’ CLUBS. 
June Pendet ad Tay 3-Wrentham — Debenham — 
$5 Rind of Oal ay A Hadleigh Welkerield- Clay- 
don—Lic! 
these advantages. But thelandlord in many instances 
will not be justified in breaking up the whole of his 
pasture lands; let us consider why ; and we shall 
have an opportunity of still further detailing the 
grounds on which an intelligent decision must be 
built. 
The main reason in most cases will be that the 
land, under present circumstances, is more pro- 
fitable in its present condition ; and it may be well 
to point out in successive papers those kinds of land 
um regard to which no such difficulty presents 
itself. * 
And at present we may take the case of Down 
Lanps—extensive tracts of natural Grass—clothed 
with a very thin vegetable soil on a chalk subsoil. 
They lie chiefly in the counties of Dorset, Wilts, 
erks, Hants, and Sussex. They are perfectly dry 
—they let in their present condition for from 25. 6d. 
to 10s. per acre—and from time immemorial they 
have been used as sheep-walks, the flocks being 
folded during the night on arable land in the neigh- 
bourhood. They have thus been subjected to a 
constant robbery for the benefit of neighbouring 
plough-lands. The plough, however, is gradually 
encroaching upon them. In Lincolnshire they have 
all been ploughed up, and land which formerly sup- 
ported a few sheep and many rabbits, letting for 
about 5s. an acre, now yields valuable produce suffi- 
cient to pay the farmer for his trouble and the use 
of his capital, and sufficient also to bear a rent of 
20s. an acre, and to employ a large labouring popu- 
lation. We are informed by one who has had long 
acquaintance with these distriets, and who has now 
' estates on them, in Wilts and 
July "1 Monmouth a Ep np 
=~ 2-.Hawick-Blofield and Wal- dig 
sham—Richmondshire 
.IN farther considering the circumstances which 
will determine the landlord in reference to the 
Permanence of his Pasture Lanps, we must not 
forgot that, besides the greater skill and intelligence 
Hecessary, as we lately illustrated, for the cultiva- 
MA of arable land, and which he must see in 
Us tenants before he can permit them to plough 
Up their Grass fields, there is also a greater 
Capital required by the farmer. This matter we shall 
'scuss in detail hereafter, at present it will suffice 
S Say that a very considerable addition to the farm 
pital—s7, or 47. per acre—is undoubtedly needed 
th the cultivation of Wheat and green crops, more 
an is needed in the growth and consumption of 
Tass: and as everybody knows that a needy farmer 
E Not likely to farm well, or to his landlord's ad- 
nantage, so it is of importance that any tenant who 
felga ceived permission to plough up his pasture 
hi 8, should possess not only intelligence to direct 
ip ut the means to enable him thoroughly 
fo, Cultivate the land; the latter as well as the 
an mer is necessary, in order that the advantages 
ising out of the operation may be permanent. 
third subject for the landlord's iderati 
is 
the g o 
Sussex, that down lands might be increased in 
annual value to the landlord from 8s. to 10s. 
per acre, and that whereas they now let at 
from 5s. to 10s, they might easily be let at 
from 15s. to 21s. were they broken up. The only 
expense which the landlord would incur is the 
erection of buildings. Athd these would probably 
cost from 30s. to 2l. per aere. A farm of 500 acres 
of down land to be broken up, would require 
stabling, a thrashing and straw barn, a granary and 
implement shed, and two or three yards for stock 
to consume the straw and a portion of the Turnips 
grown; and all this might be erected for 10007. ; 
and 10s, an acre of additional rent, which would 
then be gladly offered by the most trustworthy 
tenant, would amount to 95 per cent upon the out- 
lay. It isin the case of down lands alone that we 
can obtain the simple consequence of breaking up 
pastures ; for in other cases the advantages of the 
drainage, the removal of hedgerows, &c., go to 
swell the result, and it is difficult to determine what 
portion is due to one cause and what to another: 
but in the case just referred to, if we deduct 10 per 
cent. for the cost of buildings, the landlord is 
proved to have benefited 6s. per acre (assuming 
diti be fulfilled to which we have 
vu lich, we doubt not, will have great influence 
d A him—is the greater employment which the 
Renee will offer to the labourer. More labour is 
involved in the cultivation of plough-land crops than 
ae the management of Grass. There can be no 
i estion about it. The only point for determination 
bu this be a permanent thing ; and the sureties 
tho ra permanence we have already considered. Let 
enant possess intelligence and capital sufficient, 
hose 
already alluded as necessary to the permanence 
of this rent), simply by granting permission to 
break up the Grass. And what additional profit 
tothe farmer, and employment for the labourer, 
and food for the nation has been derived from 
this operation we need not here illustrate. If an 
extreme case be required of the advantages under 
all these heads, we may point to Mr. HuxrTA»nLE's 
where down land having been broken up, oppor- 
tunity has been offered, and energetically seized, 
for all the appliances of a scientific and most skilful 
agriculture, and land of which originally “the 
rabbits had the fee simple” now bears large crops 
and supports a heavy stock ; 135 acres of it, along 
with 95 acres of “poor clay Grass land” in the 
vale, have during the past year kept a stock of 
31 fatting beasts, 400 fatting sheep, 240 breeding 
ewes, and 50 pigs. 
Down lands are of enormous extent in this 
country ; and what multiple of their present popu- 
lation shall we estimate their ability to support 
when their landowners shall universally have 
adopted the example set them by Mr. HoxrAsLE! 
HOW TO CULTIVATE THE SCARLET TREFOIL, 
OR TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM. 
IMMEDIATELY after harvest sow or drill a peck and a 
half of the seed per acre on a Wheat stubble without 
ploughing, and harrow it in ; this is all the cultivation 
necessary. 
It has been said that it will not bear our winters ; 
this may be true when it is brought direct from the 
south of France or from Italy. I brought mine from 
Switzerland, and have had it 18 years on my land, and 
Ihaveno doubt it would stand the winter in every 
county south of the Grampian Hills; the more shel- 
tered the situation of course the earlier in spring it will 
lift its crimson head. On burning soils, where in dry 
summers the Clovers are grilled into tinder, when a 
barber with a quick eye, a sharp razor, and a steady 
hand is the most appropriate husbandman ; he can take 
the produce of an acre home in his apron and the work 
is finished ; on such lands half a peck of the Trifolium 
seed (which I will prove presently will cost but one 
shilling, if the farmer grows the seed himself,) sown 
on the young Clover directly after harvest and har- 
rowed in, would double or treble the crop. I always do 
it in every field where I am doubtful/of the young 
Clover. 
I am not advocating growing the Scarlet Trefoil as a 
crop in place of the Clover ; this mistake has been made 
and it is a great one; it leaves the land, more parti- 
eularly light land, in too frothy a state for the Wheat 
crop ; it should be sown as a crop after the Wheat, not 
beforefit. Sheep and lambs prefer it to Clover when 
oung, but in blossom are not so partial to it; yet when 
made into stover will eat the whole greedily, Dry land 
suits it best; in low places on heavy land, where the 
water stagnates, it is likely to lose plant. If the farmer 
grows the Trifolium seed himself, one acre of Tares 
costs him four times the amount of an acre of Trifolium ; 
and I will point out how he may prove himself that one 
aere of Trifolium is worth two of TTares. 
The land on which Tares are grown is the fallow, and 
whether the Tares are there or not the rent, the tithes, 
and parochial expenses must be paid; the land also 
must be ploughed up in the autumn, therefore the only 
fair charge that can be brought against the Tares is the 
seed; some agriculturists sow three bushels per acre. 
I will, however, only reckon two, at 6s. 6d. per bushel, 
13s Now, let us see what the Trifolium will cost. 
Here is also no extra expense beyond the seed. The 
average growth of the seed with me has been 15 bushels 
per acre ; if cut when the straw is green, which it may 
be without injuring the seed, thrashed the next or fol- 
lowing day, and the straw immediately stacked, it will 
pay all the workmanship. When it is also considered 
that the crop is generally clear from the land the” first 
week in July, leaving the best months of summer for 
fallowing, 67. per acre is a full remuneration to tbe agri- 
culturist for the crop ; this brings the seed to 83. per 
bushel or 2s. the peck, thus the farmer may have an 
acre of the Trifolium by the end of April for 3s. less 
than one-fourth part of the cost of his washy Tares. 
Tares at all times are better physic than food, and in 
wet seasons they are for horses that which seamen and 
soldiers designate bad small beer—swipes. As the 
Potato occupies the lowest step of degradation as food 
for civilised man, so do ;Tares for the brute ; they are 
Frenchman’s water soup diluted. 
` As soon as the Scarlet Trefoil begins to blossom, put 
two or three horses to it in one yard, and the same num- 
ber on Tares in another ; keep them thus a month, no 
further proof will be necessary of the superiority of the 
Trifolium. I will grant it is not so certain a crop as 
the Tares, but what does this amount to? I grow 40 
acres of Wheat a year, and have the same quantity of 
fallow. If I sow the whole 40 acres with Trifolium and 
farm on Cranborne Chase, near Blandford, Dorset, 
20 acres fail (very unlikely, by the by), on this 20 acres 
I lose 3s. per acre ; the 20 acres that remain will pay 
me ten-fold for the whole. I care nothing about the 
20 acres lost, the Jand is ready for fallow_or Turnips, as 
it was ultimately intended. 
Ihave had above three waggon-loads of Trifolium sto- 
ver per acre, therefore, exclusive of cutting and getting 
up, it cost me 1s. per waggon-load ; ifIlose halfthe crop 
as above stated, it costs 2s., and I am convinced that the 
land was not 2d. the worse for it. This is no wild 
theory, no gaudy vision ; it is the experience of 18 years. 
If it can be proved that the land is the worse for this 
green crop, then some charge ought to be made against 
it beyond the price of the seed, but I contend it is not. 
have grown it side by side with the long fallow, the 
same with the Tares, and I could see no difference in 
the following crops, except that my Clovers were inva- 
riably better after the Trifolium than after the Tares. 
Do not let the farmer dream he is buying the Scarle 
