‘thought in 
that the latter ploughing should not be so deep. 
Cast; 
Abou 
25—:1840.] 
_ THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
419 
ast Kent, where Turnips are much Eas 
Pur. 
nips are found to bulb best on a hard bottom. 
Root crops sre said to be the foundation of good farm- 
tip; Tati tot eonvineed of this, On wet, stiff laud, which 
is difficult to feed on; I think ifa proper estimate was 
Would be fata more 
‘than There is à fashion in all ings, aud 
im tlie plodding yeoman is led by it. 
ape ‘far better than Tursips as a preparatión for 
Whedt--Rape sown late after tlie Tares dré off, aud 
ploughed in. I haye seen the Wheat better on those 
parts on which the Rape was ploughed in; thian on other 
Parts on which the sheep fed. 1 do not say fed wichi 
oilcake, but simply fed Of, the sheep receiving Rape 
alone. I am aware everything must depend on the 
Method of farming. f a flock bé kept, it must be fed; 
üt the generality of farms provide Sheep or stock for 
What they have to consume, and breed but little for 
hemselves. Also the wisdom of this plan "will be 
tested by the dryness or wétness of the land: Oti dny 
täia I tive seen bullocks folded on Türnips, atid sheep 
following them, eating what the bullocks left, thus 
doubly closirg the land. Let me suppose a farni first 
taken by a farmer. At the early stage; if it ve, as most 
are, wlien left, foul anil out of cultivation, whole fallows 
and drilled Turnips will be necessary. When tinie and 
attention have brought the farm into a proper state of 
Cultivation, then bastard fallows and broadcast Turnips 
May insure, A ehange of crop will bé all thit is neces- 
sary. Rest will be idleness ; no garden knows a fallow. 
Much land has lately been rendered fit for roots by 
ining—much more will be rendered so, The poor- 
est heaths by paring and burning, and by the application 
of guano, lave growü Turnips, and afterwards corn. 
The root crop may in such cases be called the founda- 
tion of farming. If their worth will pay their cost, then 
do they induce men to drain their lands, to reclaim 
heaths, &e. What induces men to think, will also 
induce to try i experi knowledge 
; 
will be gained, and if fairly peconimenteds good must re- 
sult, Even these few lines may produce good. ‘They 
May raise thought, and thus a spark be struck which 
will lead better farmers and wiser men to see that agri- 
Culture is the keystone of an empire. It may lead phi- 
losophers and chemists to communicate their knowledge, 
and farmers to receive it with gratitude, and apply it 
With liberality: I have forgotten to speak of my simple 
Manher of housing Swede Turnips; it is by no means 
Dew. I cover tliem with Hop-bines, first laying them 
in clamps; at first the bines are not laid thickly 
9n, as itis necéssat'y to allow the reek or moisture of 
the Turhip to evaporate. When this has exuded, then 
the bines are laid on more thickly, and the Turnips keep 
Well.— Mr, Epps said, in reference to storing roots, that 
it was necessary that they should be well dried before 
being put into clamp. He would recommend them to 
be Sprinkled with about a bushel of sliked linie per ton, 
às he had known roots affected with disease, iu which 
the disease had been stayed by the application of pow- 
dered lime, which, ia his opinion, destroyed the fungi 
at caused ihe disease, without injuring the root. 
Deep cultivation was essential for the Carrot. . He liad 
Sometimes known the Carrot to penetrate 3 feet into 
t fe soil, As iti agricultural crop, he would recommend 
the iore general cultivation of the Parsnip, which was 
Rot only au excellent and nutritious article of food for 
Cattle, but was getting into demand for making sugar. 
Parsnips Should always be sown in the autumn, about 
September. If sown in the spring, it is a very pre- 
Carious crop. It could not be dug for too deeply, tior 
Sown too shallow, He believed that the Weald élay, if 
1t Was drainéd $0 as tó be well tilled, would grow excel- 
in crops of Carrots. He thought that farmers often 
“own, The ‘seeds of these roots, particularly of the 
eros were véry perishable from wet atid cold, par- 
foulatly when too deep in theground. The land ought, 
bush ese crops, to be well pulverised ; and the seed 
pg erely to be covered, in the last week of April 
Terhtps More precarious than that of the Cartot, 
hr Seed ‘being ih càpsules; which were very liable to 
dibbi He had krowh & ease last year, whete it had been 
ba *d in only 2 inches deep, that the seed had rotted, 
Stiff 
ou Pülverised by the frost. He then sowed broad- 
b a gallon and a half of seed per acre. One field of 
thesia oo per acre for the whole field. He had 
ing di another piece of land in the sàme way, exetpt- 
p at he had there put half a ton of Péruvian guano 
atre, Tliat piece was not quite so good as the | 
" He had taken up three acres aud Nad the | 
Very qporton fur seed, which had turned out to be the | 
Brow, ii p ace o rnip seed which he had ever seen 
"iqq T. A this field he had tried half an aere of the 
Sinn e field, with Brain's English guano at the | 
With p. the vest of the field, which was d ed | 
9rüviap jane. This was left for seed. T 
: amount to l07. per acre. 
produced, judging by the eye, about 400 bushels of roots 
the half acre, but the half aere dressed with the English 
uano had eertainly not more than 300 bushels. That 
portion had not produced more than half the Turnip 
seed which had been grown with Peruvian,guano. He 
liad had 22 seres of "seed in alh and ‘although he liad 
thaliy years ago grown Turnip seed in Romiey Marsh, 
the xesult as to quantity had quite surprised Him: 
‘Turnip seed had never been grown in that neighbour- 
hood before. and he had been told that the seed bad 
exhausted the lud, and that he should get nothing 
afterwards. He lad sown the three fields with Wheat. 
He had merely broadshared them two or three times 
Without ploughing, and had drilléd the Wheat which lie 
had since dressed with nittate of soda. The Whedt 
looked “at present exceedingly well, and if nothing 
unusual should ail it before Harvest, le would not tike 
four quarter's an äere for it allround. He ‘had dlso 
grown Carrots on some of the stiffest clay of the Weald, 
Which he had dressed with 12 cwt: of Peruvian guano. 
These had sérved for fod for cows, horses, and pigs; 
which all seemed to thrive on them. He had not 
measured the Carrots, but as far as he could guess, 
therë were aboüt 600 ‘Wushels to the aere, He had 
üibbléd in tle easrots with a Very bluüt dibber. He 
had also put in some Mangold Wurzel with 12 ewt. of 
Peruvian guano; inthe same way as the Carrots, and of 
Which he Had growi much about the same quatitity, 
a -great portion of which he had now. He had tried 
another piece of ‘Iurnips with Peruvian guano; 
Boasts inorganic iunufe, and ‘urate, of which the 
guano was the best, but the crop was not à good 
one, In the first field, where the Turnips had 
been pulled, he lad put in Oats after broadsliaring. 
These had produced three loads of sheayes to the gere. 
He had not measured them separately, but there must 
have been eight or ten quarters, nearly double what 
had ever been grown in that field before. "These expe- 
riments clearly showed that the whole benefit of these 
artificial manures was not lost in one crop. He had 
also tried 12 cwt: of guatio per aere for Drut-head 
Cabbages against a heavy dressing of dung. Soie of 
the Cabbages grown on the dung were as large as the 
crown of a man’s hat, but of those grown with ‘guano 
there Were many which would probably weigh from 
23 Ibs. to 30 lbs., and could scarcely be got into a bushel 
méasure. He felt persuaded that; on the Weald clays, 
cattle Cabbuges were one of the best crops that could be 
grown. Hé was so satisfied with his experiment with 
them, that he had sowed the plants for thitteen acres 
more this year. He had now given the club the resült 
of his experiments, as he had promised to do last year. 
His decided opinion was that the first thing to be at- 
tended to in the improvement of their stiff clay’soils 
Was; to ünder-drdin tiem. He reconimebded that they 
should be dressed after Harvest with about a Half dress- 
ing of dung, and should be allowed to lie, so that the 
frost should pulverise ‘the soil. ‘Turiiip’seed-should be 
sown early on ¢lay soils, which were not so Warti nor 
so forward as lighter soils. He thought that it would 
be madness to expeet to grow Turnips on their cold 
Weald of Kent clay soils, without under-draining. The 
expense of mole ploughing, in every fifth furrow across 
the drains, would be about 2s. 64. per aere. If a frost 
came after preparing their lind eatly, they would get a 
beautiful tilth with very little labour. His plan was to 
work the soil to about * half a season,” and then to'sow 
his guano broadcast. Healsosowed his Turtips broadcast, 
very thickly, as his land would aot allow of their being 
drilled ; and afterwards when they had got out of the 
way of the flea, cut them out with the horse-hoe into 
rows about two feet apart, and thinned by land to about 
a foot apart in the row, He “breaked” [It would be 
well were fewer ‘provincial and technical terms em- 
ployed by those who draw up these reports.] the Turnips 
several times, as he always put his Turnips into land 
which would otherwise lie fallow: He found that Tar- 
nips kept better in the soil than in any other Way,’and 
he allowed them, to retnain in till they begáh to shoot, 
when he piled them in rows between rows of hurdles, 
and-covered them with just straw enough to throw off 
the vain. Not one in a hundred of his Tutnips, When 
50 treated, were affected Ly the rot., They ought to be 
so. placed that the gir might pass through them: Mr. 
Elvy had said in his paper that he thouglit Türhüips on 
stiff soils could not be grown ata profit. Mr. Barnes 
thought that frequent failures occurred from just 
giving the Turnip enough manure, and no more: 
and then if they did not gét ‘a luxuriant crop after: 
wards, they complained that ‘the Turnips had ex: 
hausted the land, If, bowever, the same farmers 
who said this, had only gone to’ the sanie expence for 
duug which they had ineürred for guano, they would 
scarcely ever have got Turnips. Nothing was gained 
by stinting the land. If you put three-quarters of a 
cwt. of guano per acre, the Tarnips would take all and 
not be satisfed. If you put 4 cwt., you might get a 
tolerable crop ; but if you gave 5 cwt: you would get ‘a 
crop, and perhaps have a little leftin the soil. If, how- 
ever, you put 10 cwt., yon would have 5 ewt; left in the 
soil, and would grow twice as many Oats and twice as 
imuch Clover in following years as you would by putting 
in 5'ewt. at first. On his land, worth no more than 155. 
per acre rent, the whole merit of the crop was due to 
the manure. He had in the last year grown about 
30,000 bushels of rootsysome of which ‘he had sold at 
74. per bushel, Those which he consumed he reckoned 
at hali that value, for he thought that he could grow 
Turnips on his clay soil at 34. per bushel. That would 
Without the manure the ex- 
penée woüld be 5/. per acre. The manure would cost 
6/. more, but he estimated that Half the value of the 
manure was left in the land, and in addition he Had it 
in as clean a stzte as if it had lain fallow. Mr. Barnes 
went on to say that he consünied his Turnips with his 
stotk, consisting of 16 cows, 1 bull, 23 horses; and about 
300 pigs. He stéamed the Turnips abut 45 büsHels 
dta tme, Which Were given With other food. “His pigs 
had à pint of Peas &àeh, and cdisuitied Say 50 ‘bushels 
du day, which Cost SAF 4/. 78. 6d. per weék, for Which 
€ edleulited tliat each pig increased in value 1s. per 
week, atid if only half this increase Was attribiitable to 
the Swedes, lie ‘should gain say 7/. for what had cost 
him say 47. 7s. Gd. After Some further observations, 
Mr. Barnes moved the follóWing resolution, Which was 
carried utanhüoüsly :—* Resolved;—That in the fàg- 
Stone districts, very good crops of Turnips have been 
grown after gudno; both When ridged atid drilled if plain 
lind ; but'that it ‘sotte localities in diy seasons, those 
drilled plaii lave appeared to suffer less than When 
ridged. Thus ‘on the stiff Weald clay, when drained 
dnd móle:ploughed, and after à güod dressing of guano, 
gosa ecps have been grown, Wheli Sowi broadsast, dnd 
afterwards etit oüt into tows at two feet'apárt, and öne 
foot apart in the row."— Waidsione Gazette: 
TénbdRING HuNpied, Esstx.—At the lite miectiig of 
tlie Agricultural Association at Thorp-le-soken, the 
following ‘Observations were made by Mr. Methi, of 
Tiptree Hall, ih eonteetion with the toast, ** Success to 
commerce anid trade = He edid it had all through fife 
beet his opinion ‘that wianlifactiites, comimerce, dnd 
teul Were i Ply eontiécted; and that it Was 
impossible to thake them autagonistic interests without 
injury to all. In Bis own ease'the greater part of his 
vere facturers; while on the other 
hand he eonsumed. corn and meat, some of it in all pro- 
bability grown in the very neighbourhood where they 
were assembled ; therefore there was a beneficial in- 
tercourse between them. The manufacturers were 
still prepared to supply them with goods, but. he hoped 
they should be none the worse eustomers of the farmers 
if they supplied other nations with what was not wanted 
for the home trade. He looked for the time when 
agriculturists would be iu the same position— when they 
would be able to say to foreigners, “We have all the 
corn we want, and here is more to ship.” He believed 
that would be their position, and that it would soon be 
brought about if they all farmed like his friend, Mr. 
Hutley, of Witham, He had no hesitation in saying 
that whilst ihe agriculture of Essex was very far 
superior to that of other counties, it was very far in- 
ferior to what it ought to be. In the first place,as lad 
been remarked by Mr. Nunn, it was impossible to grow 
corn without manure ; and if so, why waste it? If the 
manufacturers had thrown money down the drains or 
into the ditches, they would not be in the position they 
now were of being able to supply not only the home 
consumer, but to go iuto foreign markets and offer their 
goods ju eotpetition with those dwelling on the spot, 
andliving,as was thought in tliis countiy, much cheaper 
than themselves, and yet théy could go 10,006 miles and 
say, “Here's ‘a razor (laughter); Or a piece of cotton, 
which We offer you for less than you can'make it your- 
selves, although we live in à country in which bread is 
so dear." Could that be done without skill, science, 
and enterprise? The Chaitman—But you have your 
iron here. Mr. Mechi—Ne, we have from Sweden all 
which is used for razors. It was the science and 
superior industty of the British manufacturers which 
enabled them to buy iron and other commodities of 
their opponerits, arid send them back in the shape of 
Wanufactured goods. Thëre was another reason why 
fi prog When they wanted to 
build a factory they hired a piece of ground upon lease, 
and he believed that were it not for the power of getting 
à Certain tenure fora definite period, the improvement 
which had been alluded to would never have taken 
place: He believed ‘further, that the basis of agricul- 
tural improvement must be leases, He did not state 
this as being opposed to the landed interest of the 
country ; he knew them to Ue men of noble sentiments, 
although öf cöurse with some prejudiees ; but he be- 
liéved that the effect of leases would be to secüre a 
superior class of tenantry—men of capital—and men 
Whose land “at the end of their leases would be mre 
valüüble than when they entetéd upon it. It was a 
painful thing to see then left to chance; a landlord 
might be taken away and all his best intentions be frus- 
tratéd: “A tenant ought to have seeutity that in itn- 
proving bis land he will have an opportünity of seeing 
part/of his money back. The reverend gentleman (Mr. 
Marsden) who had spoken upon the subject was; he 
thoüght, rather hard upon the manufacturers as to the 
connexion between them aud their men. It had always 
been his wish and endeavour to make liis workmen as 
contented as himself, He considered it the duty and 
the interest of employers to endeavour to improye the 
minds-of those under them; it improved the feeling 
between them; the work would be better done ; they 
would be less robbed, and better served ; while it would 
generally raise the character cf the individuals with 
whom they were'eónnected. “He did not profess to be 
sitigular in these views, fot he believed that a great 
many of the most eminent manufacturers devoted muth 
of their time and money to the same object. To return 
to the subject of agricullürists aid manufacturers us 
vot béing separate interests, he liiew maby gentlemen 
who had made profit encugh out of their foreign trade 
to büy lard; and through his advice they had had men 
front Estex to drain it, 80 that the tie between them 
