26—1846.] 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
437 
able to know that their extension is so confined, parti- 
cularly in agricultural districts ; while they offer advan- 
tages to some, they debar others. Compared with 
Manufacturing and other districts, our agricultural 
counties offer a fair contrast in the amount of deposits 
in proporti io the populati &c.; for instance, 
according to the last official returns Buckinghamshire 
had a population of 155,989 souls, with, however, only 
four savings’ banks, and deposits amounting to 
128,0002. from 4657 depositors, being less than 17s. 
Per soul, and an average of 277. to each depositor. 
anufacturing Lancashire contained 1,667,064 souls, 
and had 35 savings’ banks, with deposits of 1,980,0002. 
from 65,402 depositors, being nearly 1. 4s. per soul, 
and an average of 307. to each depositor. In the former 
case is evinced not only a disposition but a capability to 
Save—hence the need of an extension of savings’ banks. 
In the agricultural county of Devon, from the want of 
these institutions, 400 local receivers are obliged to be 
appointed who pay the monies into the Exeter Savings’ 
ank ; I will not speak of the risk thus attending the 
Poor man's savings, and various causes which may even 
deter him from so depositing. Dr. Chalmers has well 
said, “Tf our aim be a universal common education, 
there must be schools everywhere ; or an universal 
Christian education, and there must be churches every- 
Where ; or a universally well-conditioned people, through 
the medium of higher wages, and by the operation of 
their own general economy, and we must have savings’ 
banks everywhere. He ought not to think that he has 
lived in vain who can operate for good, though it be 
only on his own little neighbourhood, or on some dis- 
trict that he may have assumed of a few hundred 
$ families, whether it be by the erection of a local church 
or the moral and religious good of the surrounding 
householders, or of a local school for the educational 
good of their children, or of a local savings’ bank for 
the economical good of the working classes, and other 
humble depositors of the vicinity in which it is placed.” 
l have before hinted who must lead in the laudable 
Undertaking for providing these institutions in parishes 
and other populous districts where they are not already 
established—the clergy and other influential residents. 
ere are no obstacles or difficulties in the way of their 
formation ; I would just state here that those who may 
be desirous of procuring information on this head will, 
am sure, meet with every due attention gratis, from 
Mr. Tidd Pratt, the barrister. The success of savings’ 
banks hitherto is an inducement for every philan- 
D ropist to engage in the work, and the anticipatory 
accruing benefit will incite him in carrying it out. As 
Another instance of the want of savings’ banks, I will 
relate the following :—A professor of the “ mystic art” 
ely succeeded in wheedling from the wife of a poor 
pbourer, in whose neighbourhood there was no savings’ 
Ms a sum of between 30/. and 407, the savings of 
imeelf and family, and the hard-earned savings of an 
elderly female relative. But there is another powerful 
Motive for the increase of savings’ banks ; they must 
€ made to supersede what are antagonist to them ; the 
Money club, the sick club, Odd Fellowship, and the 
Building Society ; the one has a mischievous tendency ; 
the other is insecure and inefficient ; the third has a 
Wasteful expenditure, promoting evil for good ; in the 
latter fines and forfeitures are incurred.—J. H. 
_ Farm Profits—A few years ago I came into posses- 
Sion of a farm in a midland county, consisting of 600 
he 350 of which are arable, the remainder Grass. 
hefarm was ingood condition, and though perfectly inex- 
Perieneed myself, I was assured that with the assistance 
9f a steady and trustworthy bailiff, I should find it a 
Profitable undertaking. I was, therefore, tempted to 
won and judge for myself. I now copy out for your 
Dspeetion (and that, I hope, of your readers) my 
alance-sheet of receipts and expenditure, from 
ichaelmas, 1844, to Miehaelmas, 1845, which I hope 
You will do me the favour to insert in your Paper, in 
fes hopes that some of your experienced farming 
lends will point out in what way I can improve my 
Anagement, so as to enable me to continue my amuse- 
B without losing more than I can afford. I 
Ould add, as one redeeming feature of my balance- 
S. Bennett, Esq. ; W.. R. Browne, Esq. ; Colonel Chal- 
loner; John Cotes, Esq.; H. Gibbs, Esq.; W. H. 
Hyett, Esq.; S. Jonas, Esq. ; John Kinder, Esq. j| 
Col. Mae Douall; W. Miles, Esq., M.P. ; R. Milward, 
Esq.; E. A. Sanford, Esq.; Prof. Sewell ; W. Shaw, 
Esq.; John Villiers Shelley, Esq. ; George Turner, 
Esq.; J. Baines, Esq.; H. Blacket, Esq.; T. 
Browne, Esq.; Dr. Calvert; C. G. Cotes, Esq. ; T. 
Dunne, Jun., Esq.; J. B. Glagg, Esq. ; T. M. Good- 
lake, Esq. ; J. Greene, Esq. ; Algernon Greville, Esq. ; 
Rev. James Linton; E. Parkyns, Esq.; E. Poole, 
Esq. ; S. Solly, Esq. ; E. Tull, Esq. ; T. Turner, Esq. ; 
and T. R, Tweed, Esq. 
The followiig new members were elected :— 
Clinton, Colonel, 66, Eaton-place, London 
Clinton, Major, 6, Audley-square, London 
Linzee, Robert G., Hampton Lodge, Farnham, Surrey 
Ravenshaw, Rey. Edward, West Kington Reetory, Chip- 
enham 
Clepham, James, Gateshead, Durham. 
ird, Rev. Christopher, Ohollerton, Hexham 
Barnes, John Stagg, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Durham 
Brakenridge, John, Bretton Park, Wakefiel 
Orde, Rey. Leonard Shafto, Alnwick 
Davidson, A. A. Greaves, Hylton-grove, West Boldon, Gates- 
hea 
iz 
Forsyth, Thomas, South Shields, Durham 
Markham, Rev. Rice, Morland, Penrith 
ook, William, Catraw, Stannington, Morpeth 
Burn, Richard, Orton Hall, Penrith 
Forster, John, Shafto, Cambo, Morpeth 
Cookson, Isaac Thomas, Newbiggin House, Newcastle-upon- 
Featherstonhaugh, Walker, Hermitage, Chester-le-street 
Cookson, Charles Edward, Neweastle-upon-Tyne 
Brown, Isaac, Cowpen Lodge, Bly 
stated that he had visited the city 
since their last meeting, and he was happy to report that 
the most active preparations were in progress for the 
B. | great national cattle show, to be held in that city 
on the 12th of August next. A most admirable site 
had been selected for the show-yard, situated near the 
terminus of the Waterford and Limerick Railway, and 
which the company had in the handsomest manner 
placed at, the disposal of the local committee for the 
purpose ; it consists of upwards of five acres completely 
walled in, and would form one of the best show-yards 
that had yet been selected. Professor Johnston, of 
Durham, and Mr. Smith, of Deanston, had intimated 
their intention of being present at the meeting, and of 
contributing by every means in their power to its 
effect. The secretary also stated that the time had now 
come for putting in notices of entry for the cattle-show. 
Monday, the 20th of July, would be the last day for 
receiving them, but even already he had received many 
applications from several quarters both for stock and 
implements. 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
Moreron HawrsrEAD, June 2.—The Progress of 
Agricultural Improvement.—Mr. Jackson began by 
reviewing the state of agriculture in ancient times, 
going back as far as the time of William the Conqueror, 
and noticing also the rude and imperfect state of the 
yth, 
Dobson, Thomas, Eldon-street, Neweastle-upon-Tyne 
Powles, Thomas William, Hurworth, Darlington 
upon-Tyne 
Watson, John, Burnopfield, Gateshead 
Hawthorn, William, Benwell Cottage, Neweastle-upon-Tyne 
I then used, and also the various tenures by 
which land was held. He then went on to notice the 
various gradual improvements both in the art itself, and 
also inthe variousimpl usedup tothep ime; 
and then proceeded to consider the principal causes and 
circumstances which stand in the way of agricultural 
i inty of tenure. 2d. The 
Robson, Joseph, Gateshead Park, Gateshead 
Briggs, Rawd i 
Stott, Robert, Tanfield, Gateshead 
The names of 25 candidates for election at the next 
meeting were then read. The following communica- 
tions were received :— 
l. Six specimens of the sheet-iron baskets used for 
ordinary purposes on Mr. Hudson's farm, at Castle- 
acre, in Norfolk: presented by Mr. Fisher Hobbs, to 
whom the Council ordered their best thanks to be con- 
veyed for his kind attention to their wishes on this 
oint. 
F 2. A specimen of a glass milk-pan, weighing 15 Ibs., 
and manufactured at the rate of 8d. per lb.: from 
Messrs. Edwards and Pell, to whom the thanks of the 
Council were also given for this present. 
3. Results of communication into which Mr. W. R. 
Browne, at the requesi of the Council, had placed him- 
self with Mr. William Browne, of Winterbourne Stoke, 
on the subject of his employment of eut straw for litter. 
'The Council appointed Mr. Benett, M.P., and Mr. W. 
R. Browne, to be a eommittee for the purpose of paying 
a visit to Winterbourne Stoke, and reporting to the 
p: . The 
desire of a great majority of landlords to grow timber 
on arable land. And 3d. The preservation of game. 
Showing, under the first head, the inconsistency of ex- 
pecting farmers to lay out their money to benefit their 
landlords without being sure of an adequate return for 
their capital, and that short leases gave a decided check 
to agricultural improvement. Showing, under the 
second head, the various injuries done by growing 
timber on arable land by the roots absorbing the 
manure intended to assist the growth of the crops, by 
obstructing the free access of the sun and air; the 
hedges also being the resort of vermin and encouraging 
the growth of weeds, &c. Referring to Mr. Mechi's fourth 
letter for an estimate of the loss incurred by growing 
timber on arable land, and to * Grant on Hedges” for 
an estimate of the expense of so doing, And 
showing, under the third head, the great loss sustained 
from game, not merely by the farmer in the neighbour- 
hood, but also by the country at large. He observed 
that it was not carried to the extent in this country it, 
was in those farther north, yet that no doubt great-loss 
was incurred by preserving game. . Mr. J., with regard 
to our future prospects, took into consideration, Ist, 
Monthly Council in November next the result of their 
personal inspection of Mr. Browne’s plan and its 
advantages. 
. Acommunication from Mr. Parker, of Sweeney 
Hall, near Oswestry, on the subject of a new barometer 
of his invention, preparing by him for the purpose of 
presentation to the Society. 
b. A statement from Mr. Stott, of Bristol, on the 
advantages of employing charcoal obtained from refuse 
tan as a cheap vehicle for the mechanical suspension 
and distribution of concentrated animal manure. 
6. Specimens of Wheat growa in Shropshire and 
Yorkshire, presented respectively by Mr. Wigley and 
Mr. Blacket. An interesting discussion followed the 
I tation of these speci in the course of wbich 
many important facts ted with the cultivation of 
Wheat on different soils and under different circum- 
f|should deal for the benefit of all parties. 
The relative position of landlord and tenant ; 2d, The 
most practical way of improving the same ; and 3d, 
The benefit that each party would derive by the desired 
alterations, He considered that all permanent im- 
provements of the freehold ought exclusively to belong 
to the landlord, as well as every improvement that a 
tenant cannot take with him at the end of his lease ; 
such as the erection or alteration of all buildings ; the 
removing of useless hedges and fences; the making 
of any roads or pathways, if such should be desirable 5 
and the reclaiming or draining of bog land ; and though 
there might be various obstacles in the way of his sug- 
gestions, such as the lands being in the hands of 
trustees, &c., yet these must be considered the ex- 
ceptions and not the rule with whieh future lege 
2d. He 
would state that the great bulk of the landed property 
e ey Ea 
stances, were communicated on the personal exp 
of the members present, and several valuable sugges- 
tions made for carrying out future experiments on that 
subject. 
tg that} the valuation of my stock at Michael 
25,1845. exceeds that at Michaelmas, 1844, by 5387. :— 
Bure $ 5 =e £ 94211 0 
E 2 s 97-5 
Toties i 0 * 578 9 € 
Pod Stock 0 . 8216 6 
CHANT HS 0 Wrap day? 
Arti and Seeds 0 ... 1216 6 
Beer cial Food 0 | Grain, viz., 
Sundri .. 2118 0| Wheat, 66,acres 
Rent S +» 2216 0|Barley, 87 ,, 1222 0 0 
.. 748 0 0|Oats, 21 ,, 
——_——-— | Beans, 10 ,, 
£2978 10 7 
=o £2960 7 0 
Loss onthe Year £18 3 
TS. B., Woodford. 
Roy Soocíttus. 
AL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
in 4 emat Councr was held at the Society’s House 
oisi Square, on Wednesday last, the 24th of 
ù 2 
a fd chair ; Duke of Richmond ; Earl Spencer ; Earl 
gar; 
Y. B. Jo 
po hnstone, Bart., M.P.; Sir John Ogilvy, Bart. ; 
The President reported to the Council, that he had 
communicated with the Seeretary of State on the sub- 
ject of the grant of a certain number of the metropoli- 
tan detective police force at Newcastle, for the purpose 
of guarding the members attending the ensuing County 
Meeting in that town from the depredations of the swell 
mob, and that Sir James Graham had given instruc- 
tions that every attention should be paid to the applica- 
tion of the Society. 
The Members of Council and Governors present then 
proceeded to the business of the Sprctan CoUNCIL : Lord 
Portman, President, in the Chair. Reports were re- 
ceived from Earl Spencer, on the part of the General 
Neweastle and Judges’ Committees, and from Mr. Shel- 
ley, on that of the Committee for the selection of the 
Trial-ground at Northampton ; and the Council, having 
despatched the miscell business brought before 
them connected with the ensuing Country Meeting, pro- 
ceeded, on the motion of the Duke of Richmond, to pass 
an unanimous vote of thanks to the Committee of the 
Exchange and News Rooms at Newcastle, for their 
liberality in throwing open those rooms to the free 
recess of Members of the Society during the period of 
their visit in that town during the Meeting. 
The Council stands adjourned to Wednesday next, 
mond Barker, Esq.; John Benett, Esq., M.P.; 
the Ist of July. 
in this neig! , and of the kingdom generally, is 
occupied by tenantry under landlords who are free to 
do what they please with their own ; and he would ask 
what better security could a man have than his own 
land, whilst there were so few tenants who would 
not willingly pay a higher rate of interest, in the shape 
of an advanced rent, than could be obtained in any 
Government security for money so invested. It lay in 
the power of most landlords to do all those improve- 
ments ; they could easily destroy their game or allow 
their tenantry to do so; they could get a ready market 
for all their timber growing in arable land, and the 
same money could be applied to the draining of bogs, 
the erection of manure tanks, or the removal of crooked 
hedgerows, &c., though none of these improvements 
should be undertaken indiscriminately, but only to such 
extent and where there would be a certainty of having 
a fair return for the capital expended; aud 3dly, in 
conclusion, Mr. J. remarked that it had been his in- 
tention to show that there are very few securities so 
ood, and none Letter, for the investment of capital, 
than the permanent improvement of land ; that there 
is;nothing a tenant can better afford to pay than the 
interest of money so invested ; that in a great number 
of cases where timber encumbers the hedgerows of 
arable land, its removal can be accomplished without. 
drawing money from other sources, and that it would 
confer a great benefit on all parties concerned, and in 
which society generally would participate in no small 
degree.—Among those present who were tenants there 
was a general feeling that if their landlords would ex- 
pend eapital in improvements, they would willingly pay 
| 
