452 THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
[JULY 4, 
employed in light work in the day, and therefore able 
to give a considerable portion of his own strength to his 
‘ound. A fourth, having work only at particular seasons, 
is able to] give whole weeks and days to his allotment. 
But granting that the labourer has the vigour left him 
in the evening after his day’s work to cultivate his rood 
of ground, Is it desirable? This is your correspond- 
-ent’s next position. Ought so many hours to be devoted 
to the cultivation of the soil—so few, or rather none, to 
that of the mind? Doubtless it were most desirable 
that all people should be allowed time to devote to the 
cultivation of their minds. All, i.e. who are likely as 
well as capable of putting the time thus appropriated to 
its proper use, And I rejoice at the labours of those 
benevolent individuals who are now in London, Liver- 
pool, and other large towns, exerting themselves to get 
the shops closed at an earlier hour of the day, that the 
lass of persons engaged in them may have time fo de- 
vote to intellectual pursuits, to healthful recreations, 
‘mental and bodily. But how would this time be spent 
by our agricultural labourers ?—the great majority of 
whom have been suffered to grow up (shame to our 
rulers, our owners of the soil, and in those places where 
church property is not alienated, on our clergy), without 
having anything approaching to the name of education 
given them. in nine cases out of ten it would be 
spent either in listless idleness or activesin ; in the haunts 
of drunkenness, in the company of the profane and dis- 
‘solute. When the present youthful generation of agri- 
cultural labourers is grown up, many of whom are being 
educated, most of whom are being taught to read and 
‘ite, * itl ding your pondent’s asser- 
tion about few schools being built for the children of 
the poor, it will be time enough then to think of pro- 
viding time for the agricultural labourer to devote to 
ántelletual pursuits ; till then it is absurd, more than 
absurd. An overtasked body and a stunted intellect 
are slight evils to their possessor when compared with 
the evil of a depraved and corrupted heart. So con- 
vinced am I of the solid advantage of an allotment to 
the poor man that my fears lest the letter in question 
should mislead in ever so slight a degree, have induced 
me to trouble you withfthese few remarks on it.— One 
who is in daily intercourse with the Poor Man. 
Wind Power.—l noticed in your Paper a letter 
from Mr. Grey, of Dilston, and could not but observe 
the kindly feeling therein exhibited ; he states that as 
there is one— one remaining individual who wishes for 
information on wind power, he thinks it a pity that he 
should not have that information given him ; now it so 
happens that I in a previous paper recommended a 
kind of horizontal sails ; you will recollect that I made 
mo boast of the matter, but merely said that if the gen- 
tleman to whom Mr, Grey has written would write to 
me, I should be glad.to give him all the information I 
could. I have since received a letter from the Isle of 
Man and another from near Dunbar (North Briton), 
which I have answered to the best of my ability, and 
without charge, and with your leave I will make one or 
two remarks on Mr. Grey'sletter; he is quite right in 
one sense, but he reminds me of a person in my neigh- 
‘bourhood who had got a steam engine on a new con- 
struction to turn his thrashing mill, straw cutter, mill- 
stone, &c., and I went to look at it—he was so conde- 
' .scending as to show me it himself- in i 
he stated how little it cost him a quarter thrashing his 
“Wheat; the smallness of the sum surprised me; I asked 
him what interest he charged for the money laid out, 
* Oh,” said he “ I did not think of the interest.” Now 
it appears to me that Mr. Grey has not, perhaps, thought 
what effect the interest of a steam thrashing mill would 
have upon a farm of 150 or 200 acres of land; in my 
‘humble opinion, it would have a great effect; then 
‘there is getting the steam up, there is also keeping the 
engine in good order, and many other things, all these 
might have a serious effect upon a farmer of 150 acres; 
when he is going to thrash, he must have sufficient corn 
án the barn to make it worth while getting the steam 
up—it ought to go near a whole day; then, in order to 
"keep the engine in order, he should at least thrash once 
a week, Suppose an engine cost 2007., at 7 per cent. 
dnterest, coals, &c., &c., why, bless me, the man would 
get all his corn thrashed, and be beggared, too, before 
harvest, therefore I should not recommend any but 
large farmers to have steam power, nor windmills 
either, if they have them with vertical sails, but they 
might find horizontal sails very available, as they can 
‘be placed upon a common barn, provided the walls are 
moderately strong. Ishould be glad to give you an account 
of my plan, but am afraid I could not sufficiently ex- 
plain it to be understood, but I will try to get a drawing 
made of it, and wili send you it to use as you think, 
proper.—John Howgate, Naya Park, Knareshorough. 
Societies. 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
__ A Mowrmiry Counci was held at the Society's House, 
in Hanover Square, on Wednesday last, the Ist of July. 
The following Members of the Council and Governors 
were present :—Sir Francis Lawley, Bart., in the Chair ; 
Hon. R. H. Clive, M.P.; Sir Matthew White Ridley, 
Bart. ; Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.P. ; Sir John 
V. B. Johnstone, Bart.*; Sir Robert Price, Bart., M.P. ; 
7 * There is scarcely a parish of any size in this county where 
there is not a sohc ol for the children of che ron MS e 
operation, in the course of erection, or in contemplation, 
Colonel Austen, M.P.; Thomas Raymond Barker, 
Esq. ; John Benett, Esq. M.P.; S. Bennett, Esq. ; 
H. Blanshard, Esq. ; Colonel Challoner ; F. C. Cherry, 
Esq.; S. Druce, Esq.; H. Gibbs, Esq.; B. Gibbs., 
Esq.; W. H. Hyett, Esq. ; J. Kinder, Esq.; R. Mil- 
ward, Esq.; E. A. Sanford, Esq.; Prof. Sewell; W. 
Shaw, Esq. ; J, V. Shelley, Esq. ; and C. Hampden 
Turner, Esq. 
The following new members were elected :— 
Cummins, Thomas, Mayor of Gateshead 
Bigge, Matthew Robert, Sheriff of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
Dent, Ralph, Streatlam Castle, Barnard Castle, Durham. 
Surtees, Robert Lambton, Redworth, Darlington 
Bertram, Charles (J.P.), Gateshea 
Turner, John, Thorpe, Perrow, Bedale 
Headlam, Ven. Archdeacon, Wycliffe Rectory, Greta-Bridge 
Blackwood, William, Saintfield, Co. Down, Ireland 
Headlam, Morley, Wycliffe Rectory, Greta-Bridge 
Allen, John, Willington, Newcastle-on-Tyne 
Wilson, Ashley Henry, The Abbey, Wigton, Cumberland 
Cooke, William, Camerton Hall, Workington, Cumberland 
ames, Thomas, Otterburn Tower, Neweastle-on-Tyne 
Marshall, William, Westoe, South Shields 
Greville, F , S., North Mimms Park, Herts 
Stephens, John Moore, Winscott, Torrington, Devon 
™ Wilson, Robert, South Shields, Durham 
Rogers, Francis (E. I. C. 8.), Douglas, Isle of Man 
Nethercoat, John, Moulton Grange, Northampton 
Viner, Henry, Newby Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire 
Newby, Henry, Hall Garth, Durham 
Binks, Christopher, Friar’s Goose House, Gateshead 
The names of 33 candidates for election at the next 
meeting were then read, 
Frinancrs.—Colonel Austen, M.P., Chairman of the 
Finance Committee, laid before the Council the Special 
Report of that Committee on the Arrears of Subscrip- 
tion, and the Monthly Report of the Accounts of the 
Society to the 30th of June. The former contained a 
statement of the various steps undertaken and in pro- 
gress under the directions of the Committee, to facili- 
tate the payment of the annual subscriptions as the: 
become due, and to regulate the expenditure in refer- 
ence to the current income, with a recommendation 
that a list of all members in arrear should be drawn 
out and published in the next Part of the Journal of 
the Society. The latter announced the invested capital 
of the Society asstanding at 70007. stock, with a current 
cash-balance of 2,568/. in the hands of the bankers. 
These reports, and the recommendations which they 
contained, were unanimously approved and adopted by 
the Council. The Chairman then read a letter received 
from the Treasurer of the Local Committee, at New- 
castle, in which it was stated that the sum of 10007. as 
a subscription from the Northern District, towards the 
expenses of the ensuing Country Meeting, had been 
placed to the credit and at the disposal of the Society. 
Jn the motion of Mr. SHELLEY, it was resolved, 
** That the Finance Committee be recommended to em- 
ploy the Union Collectors in the county of Sussex, and 
in such other counties as they may deem expedient, for 
the collection of the arrears of subscription.” 
. Mirwarp laid before the Council two letters 
addressed to him by parties in Nottinghamshire, on the 
subject of the arrears of their subscription. These 
communications were referred to the Finance Com- 
mittee, with special instructions. 
Potice.—The PRESIDENT transmitted to the Council 
a letter addressed to him by the Right Honourable 
Sir J. Graham, one of H. M.’s principal Secretaries of 
State, in reply to the application his lordship had made 
to him on the part of the Society, for the grant of the 
usual amount of detective police force at the Newcastle 
Meeting : in which communication Sir James Graham 
informed the President, that he had given directions 
for the assistance of the number of such police required 
for the use of the Society —The Council ordered a vote 
of their best thanks to be transmitted to Sir James 
Graham for this communication. 
Grass Pans AND Prprs.—Sir Jonn WILLIAM LUBBOCK, 
Bart., one of the life-members of the Society, having 
received, through the liberality of Captain Stanley Carr, 
a certain number of the German glass milk-pans re- 
ferred to by him in his paper on the Rural Economy of 
Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, published in the 
first volume of the Society's Journal (p. 380), both 
for his own use and for presentation in Capt. Carr’s 
name to the Council, had induced- Mr. PELLATT, of the 
Faleon Glass Works, Blackfriars, to undertake the 
manufacture of these utensils for sale in this eountry ; 
and that gentleman having, from time to time, an- 
nounced to the Council his progress in reducing the 
price of the glass pans and improving their fe j 
at this meeting informed the Council that he had been 
enabled to effect a still further reduction in the price of 
pans similar in size, but, stronger in body, than those 
previously presented by him to the Society, namely, 
that he eould now manufacture the pans at 3s. each in 
;| green glass, or of any size at the rate of 5d. per lb. in 
g 
reen, and 7d. per lb. in the best white flint glass. 
Mr. Pellatt further stated that it was his intention to 
attend, as a member of the Society, the next weekl 
meeting of the Council, for the purpose of communicat- 
ing to the members a statement of his process of casting 
glass pipes for conducting water or other liquids. 
The Couneil having finally ratified the Report of the 
Judges' Committee, and nominated the parties (whose 
official duties precluded them from inspecting the exhi- 
bition in the show-yards on the Thursday) who should 
have the privilege of admission into the cattle yard on 
the evening of the Wednesday, after the judges had 
completed their awards, then adjourned to the weekly 
meeting on the 8th inst. 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
DARLINGTON : June 18.—The best Seeds to sow for 
Green Crops to plough in as a Manure; also wnder 
what circumstances it is desirable to adopt this mode of 
cultivation.—Mr. T. Dixon said, the value of green 
crops to plough in as a manure has, I believe, been 
long known to many farmers. Green erops, when 
ploughed in as a manure, very speedily decompose and 
combine with the soil; and being composed entirely of 
those substances and gases which plants require for 
their food (viz., carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen), 
this constitutes its principal value as a manure ; and 
we may easily conceive that those substances being 
added to the soil in a half-digested state, it will require 
a much less effort from the succeeding crop to derive 
the requisite amount of sustenance from the soil than 
if such green crop had not been ploughed in ; or rather, 
from the same effort, the succeeding erop will be able 
to derive a much more abundant amount of sustenance 
than if this kind of manuring had not been adopted. 
It may appear at first sight that the ploughing in of a 
green crop is but a very ineffectual mode of restoring 
or increasing the fertility of the soil, when we consider 
that we are adding no manuring or other substance, 
except the small quantity of seed sown to produce that 
green crop, and therefore, before going further into the 
subject, it may be necessary to explain my own views 
with regard to the constituent parts of green crops, and 
whence the whole of the food of which they are com- 
posed is obtained. It is now pretty well understood 
that all crops, plants, trees, and vegetables, receive a 
considerable portion of their food from the air ; an 
that whilst the roots are sucking in food in a liquid 
state from the soil, the blades of corn and Grass, and 
the leaves of Turnips and other plants, are inhaling 
from the air sueh gases as are requisite for their 
growth ; and as we know that carbon forms so large a 
proportion of all plants and vegetables, we may at once 
see the benefit that must arise from ploughing in a green 
crop, which must have in its growing state previously 
imbibed such a considerable proportion of carbonic acid 
from the air, the whole of which we are now adding to 
the soil. But, besides this, there is another advantage 
which is derived by ploughing in certain descriptions 
of green crops—I mean those erops, such as Clover 
and some others, which send their roots to a much 
greater depth than others ; and which, in fact, strike 
their roots quite through the active soil into the sub- 
soil in search of food, and thereby derive a considerable 
portion of their food from the subsoil. 1 think there- 
fore that although we, in ploughing in a green crop, 
add no additional substance to the soil further than 
what has been produced thereon, yet the ensuing 
crop will be able to obtain food from the soil with 
increased facility after such a dressing, as we also 
by ploughing in deep-rooted green crops as a ma- 
nure avail ourselves at once of something valuable 
derived both from the air and subsoil; and this is what 
I conceive to constitute the value of a manuring of this 
deseription, and which, to my certain knowledge, have 
produced both a great and likewise a lasting improve- 
ment in the soil. One of the best descriptions of green 
crops for that purpose is, I believe, Clover ; or, af 
least, I happen to know more about the benefits of occa- 
sionally ploughing in a Clover fog than of any other 
description of green crop, although there are many 
others which I have no doubt will answer well, The 
proper time for ploughing in green erops as manure i$ 
I believe, when just coming into flower, or a very little 
earlier; this being the period at which green crops 
contain the greatest quantity of sap and juices, which, 
when ploughed in, decompose more readily at this stage 
than if ploughed in at a later period of their growth. 
Now, with regard to what kind of crops, what descrip- 
tion of soil, and what course of cropping, is best adapte 
to the ploughing in of green crops as a manure, I will 
not pretend to point out; but I am quite certain that 
the subject is well worthy of discussion and considera- 
tion, for I know it is of much more value than 8 
generally believed.—An ani: 
in which Clover fog appeared the favourite cro, 
ploughing in as a manure, although Beans and other 
descriptions of crops might answer well under certis 
H ] i f dis ion 
the 
was resolved, that a Clover fog is the best description 
of green crop to plough in as a manure for a grain crops 
which should afterwards be fallowed ; and if po 
planted with Potatoes or Turnips, a less quantity o 
manure will do than under ordinary circumstances. 
Tenants’ Rights.— June 22.—After an interesting 
i 2d. Because he uu ee fio 
ted to invi ita] al for 
pected to invest the amount of capital needfu iandlord 
is not likely to obtain tenants of the same capital us 
talent. That for these reasons the Darlington Parme 
Club is of opinion that a lease ranging from 14 to zi 
years ought to be adopted as far as possible. TM do: 
the absence of a lease an agreement for the ice 
tection of both landlord and tenant is most desirable. 
mated discussion took places - 
