THE 
454 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
_ (Fury 4, 4, 
laid down from a careful observation of the capabilities 
of one-horse carts and waggons), that one horse in a 
cart is capable of conveying much more than half what 
ean be carried on a waggon with two horses. 
-HORSE que. 
VEEE ec 17S 
Corn, cake, &c. .. 
Bones Spe eae 
The difference in the quantity of sheaf-corn carried by 
each though small, may by some be considered a great 
disadv: antage ; ; but I think it matters not so much how 
many sheaves are carried at a time, as that the stacker 
should be kept well employed ; and the little time that 
may be taken up in the extra tying on of the load is 
amply regained by the additional number of bottoms of 
loads the itcher has to put up. Thus, for harvest- 
work four carts with four horses are equal to four wag- 
gons with eight horses. And again, for manure cart- 
ing, four one-horse carts are equal to four two-horse 
carts, with these advantages, that being more lightly 
built, and carrying somewhat less loads, they are not so 
liable to poach the land. when wet ; and the labour of 
the four horses thus saved not onl, y enables me to get 
more forward with my work, but also to obtain more 
fully the advantage generally admitted of ploughing 
down the manure as soon as laid upon the land. 
Though it requires one person to every 25 ewt., an 
with a waggon only one to every 45 ewt., it is not less 
economical, as I find a boy 14 years old, at 8d. a day, as 
capable of managing one horse in a cart as a man is o 
driving two in a waggon. I think I have now clearly 
shown thata farmer is in no way inconvenienced by 
using only one-horse carts, and consequently 86/. may 
be saved by their use in stocking a farm of 230 acres. 
The next advantage I derived was in building a hovel 
to shelter my farming carriages, which cost 351. ; ; had 
I used waggons and “carts, a hovel to shelter all would 
have cost upwards of 707. The advantage derived from 
their use in summer is very apparent, when having 
fallows to work and Clover to carry, I do not materially 
retard the operation of fallowing by taking three horses 
to carry my Clover. In harvest four of my. older 
horses carry all my corn ; and the four younger being 
severely worked on the fallows, are rested to prepare 
them for Wheat seeding and other autumnal work. 
There being seldom other work during harvest for 
horses than carrying corn, it may be considered no ad- 
vantage to use only half of them, but it gives the 
farmer the opportunity of changing horses during a 
long day's work ; and if any should be prevented from 
wor rking by accident or illness, he is not obliged to stop 
a team, which he must do did he employ all his horses 
in waggons, Carts are less destructive to the roads than 
waggons, because carrying more upon four wheels thee 
waggons they consequently occasion less 
WO-HORSE WAGGONS. 
heat-sheaves 207 
hes cake, &c. .. 45ewt. 
Bones ++ 100 bush, 
35 ewt, 
60 bush. 
Wheat as e standard —100, we find 
express 
that we may 
Nutritive eh er of ee ^t . EE m 2 
uU 
” » F us capsules ud seeds . Y 
‘asks 99 
» des heute N, m 38 
» m Doy elo cake E 70 
over hay 39. 
The precise R va nthe of the different substances 
yielded by the Flax plant is thus seen, and it becomes 
evident, that the capsules or husks may be used as food 
with very great advantage, although they are not equal 
o the other richer materials with which I have com- 
pared them, It will be easily understood that the 
quantities of each kind of food necessary to support the 
life of an animal will be inversely proportional to the 
numbers assigned above, as PCS their nutritive 
powers.— Robert Kane, Dublin, Feb. 52. 
Rape.—The culture of Rape ie been partially intro- 
duced with success as a preparation for the Wheat 
erop and food for sheep. * The method of cultivation, 
where the pasture is coarse, is to plough the Grass 
deeply at Christmas, and, after it has. been cultivated 
ma well worked, lime or sand and dung are applied, but 
more frequently guano or bone-dust, which: are 
drilled i in with the seed, after the second ploughing in 
April. But when thelandi is free from stroil and weeds, 
only one ploughing is required, which is done in March 
or April, with a * turn-wrest plough,” having a: skim- 
coulter attaehed, by which the rim of the soil is turned 
completely under the furrow.t This has been. suc- 
cessfully practised for many years in Tio Hrs on Tre- 
withen, Barteliver, and other farms. x, Tremayne, 
of Heligan, has written a very interesting paper on the 
cultivation of Rape in Cornwall, in this Journal. He 
imagines, and very justiy too, that a great part of the 
expenses of the wheat crop may be saved—particularly 
the lime bill—by the growing of Rape and feeding of 
sheep. The cost of growing an acre of Rape and Wheat 
as practised on a coarse piece of land may be thus 
stated : 
1st.—Deep ploughing 
Cultivating eu harrowing 
2d.—Ploughing  . 
Harrowing and rollin 
2 Ci chaboe ‘ano, “at Ss 
«s 8 
a 
6 
7 
0 
seed, “from to B Ibs 2 
Expenses of sowing, drilling, &e.. 0 1 
Expenses of producing a crop of 
Wheat after Rape :— 
1st,—Ploughing . 
Harrowing 
Seed and sowing 
eo 
1 
8 
£3.19 8 
The culti of the Wheat crop by the old method, 
especially in a hilly country, where it is necessary to 
lock the wheels. It is there also that one-horse carts 
are mueh less dangérous thàn larger carts, because the 
shafthorse having to regulate the pace down-hill, can 
more easily do so with a on-horse load than with a two- 
horse load behind him. A horse is more able to re- 
cover himself, and consequently less liable to injury 
from falling, when drawing by himself than when 
another horse is pulling before him. The next advan- 
tage, though small, deserves attention, as it tends in 
some degree to lessen the annual bee of the 
farmer, viz., carts being more easily turned and guided 
than waggons, the drivers are not so liable to knock 
down gate-posts or the eorners of buildings. One-horse 
carts are indispensable on a farm, some parts of which 
require, on aecount of their distance from the farm- 
yard, more carriages for the conveyance of corn or 
manure to and fro than the number of horses requisite 
for the working of the farm would be sufficient to draw 
if worked in double harness. I do not consider that 
there is any saving of manual labour in the use of one- 
horse carts ; and if the distance is so great from one 
place to another that a continued chain of carts cannot 
be kept up, the advantage gained is only the difference 
between two one-horse cart loads and one two-horse 
waggon load. But should both ends be kept employed 
in all our most ee times, such as Bean-sowing, Potato- 
setting, Oat-sowing,T'urnip- "owing hay- harvest, Corn- har- 
vest, Wheat-seed ng, and ‘whenever other work i is in hand 
besides carting, the farmer can gain or save the labour 
‘of as many horses as the number of the one-horse carts 
he employs amounts to. The most economical applica- 
tion of horse-labour should be the study of all farmers.— 
Mr, Loomes, in. English Agricultural Society's Journal. 
Substance of Report by Sir R. Kane on the Nature 
of differ ent Par ts and eet of the Flax Plant.— 
Ashes 
| per cent, 
|Phosphoric aeid| N: itro 'en 
per cent. | per cent, 
Substance analysed, 
Capsules 
- fo establish a. a ‘comparison of the nutritive values of 
these bodies, it is. first necessary to remark, that, ac- 
cording to the analyses of Boussingault, whose correct- 
nessis "worthy of great confidence, the nitrogen and phos- 
phorie acid of Wheat and Oats, which we may take as 
standards, areas follows:—In 100 parts, Wheat contains 
2.3 of nitrogen, and 1.13 of phosphorie acid, per cent, 
Oats contain 2.2 of nitrogen, and 0.60 of phosphoric 
acid, per cent, Now, r representing the real nutritive 
powers of these varieties of food as being the result of 
the nitrogen and phosphoric acid conjoined, that is, of 
their product; and assuming the nutritive, power: of 
in the cheapest manner, can never be done mucli under 
5l., and when lime is applied, it will generally amount 
to 6h per acre, thus making a clear profit of 40s., 
besides the gain on the feeding of the sheep. Mr. 
Karkeek, English Agricultural Society’ s Journal. 
Calendar -x "Operations. 
Trovan it be late now à as sowing Turnips, yet as we re- 
ceive many inquiries about best way to prepare super- 
phosphate of lime for that erop, we may as well just state here 
all we. know about i! Undoubtedly, in our opinion, where 
manure dealers or HE IR to be depended upon, are 
near, the best wayis to buy the materials (acid, bones, and 
* The followi ing experiment on the use of Rape = food for 
eee was mad m Barteliver Farm, where the practice has 
en to pee sowing in April, and continue until the latter 
ee t of July:— 
5 acres, sown 13th c ul May; dm to 2nd July. 
3 do. do. 21st 2nd August. 
6 do. Go. 10th a, m ugust, 
These 14 es kept folded) Som 68 to to the 2nd 
of November, ayeraging 80 in number jun ‘that period. On 
the 10th August 10 wether qe were weighed that were feed- 
ing on the Rape, and again on the 21st of Repienitiers the in- 
€i 
se of weight is as follow 
age Average 
Wei eightof each| Weight of each 
Sheep, Aug:10.|Sheep, Sept. 21, 
Average Tn- 
erease of 
Wc în Six 
lAverage Profit 
of each Sheep, 
at Gd. per Ib. 
166 Ibs. 
— M6ls | -— ^ 105. 
"The diffe ween this system of farming and that of. 
gr pu ae sheep on thin pastures is very considerable, 
e gain ock to average only 12 lbs. of 
Tratto on, or 63, each sheep, it would pay 6d. per week each for 
the keep, whilst the Grass that would have grown o: 
acres would be trifling A with the profit from feeding on. 
The expenses, too, of the Wheat crop which follows are 
greatly reduced, since the B left after the folding of the 
Sheep is far gods valuable on light soils, than any lime which 
may ds appli 
+ It must te “observed thatin deig tiemongi theland must 
be clean and in good condition, ploughing need not take 
place until March or Apri, which SE Tuo akon mplished in wet 
weather when no other field work can be performed. The 
Pxpenset. of paene ieg a crop of Rape by this method are as 
follow 
20 Ibs. - 
Skim. m ploughing 
Harr .. m 030 
Gu . .. m P EM 
Seedy... m oe e es oo 0 28 
Sowing and Drilling ra z roe Oo UAC: 
The skim-coulter may be serewed at any fixed pene ws that 
in its progress through the ground it pares off the surface at 
the M Se turns it over, and the slice thus cut off is 
d ommon share of the plough beneath the soil, 
It is easly rond by two good hor; ses, the dri bL not being 
Dane than4 Another advantage in the use of this plongh 
that in addition to the saving of labour, ue land may bi 
peared up to the d of sowing, Very little harrowing is 
required, and the soil is in a better state to receive the seed 
than can be dose obtained by any other method. I have 
seen Wheat, Barley, Oats, Turnips, and Potatoes also culti- 
vated im this manner, 
d 
ast 
| sifted coal- ashes) of them, a and get them to prepare =e ate ey 
will do it for 3d. per bushel of the But when it is to 2 
f Mr. T 
away at a gr cat rate for Ex 
ees andi ina ante or st we ge the boilers nuo two carts 
of light mould, and turn the mixture over. nis stagen tel 
bones are only partially dissolved, but they Dos and dec 
pose in the heap, after being turned over two or three Pes 
and in the course of seven weeks the compost becomes dry 
and breaks down with a shovel, in a state fit for pd 
with the hand in a drill.” Or that of Mr. Pusey—**1 fo: , 
& flat heap of dry mould about 10 feet across, the surface of 
ich was Paoi into a hollow basin, capable of holding 20 
UEM Of ground fresh bones, Sulphuri amount 
thi; 
ric neie to tho. 
half the Viii: eke the bones was gradual. 
peo wells so much from the escape of gas, that the workmen 
tirring it with their hoes, must take great care to prevent it 
from eseaping over the sides of the earthen basin, In a short, 
, however, the cauldron becomes quiet, and the bones dis- 
PAE PAE except a few: fragments, so that the heap 
may E SE EE and might be drilled on the. ds 
da this would. prato us Hari as some small I 
AES in a half 
Hay-making, and deban g and hand-hoeing green crops, 
ave the main occupation of the farmer during the early part of 
this month, 
ET 
ELE 
IWotices to Correspondents 
AMMONIA—7'.D W asks, how sulphurie acid i: 
the purpose of fixing ammonia in d ae s? Perhaps some 
one who d used it may inform us. We should be afraid to 
or this purpose, but shpat of iron (green vitriol) 
would answer equally well, and be safer; and t 
to be used for 
of iron in a bucket half full of water, and after the horse bas 
stoled, just after coming in from work, s before bedding 
it down for the night, take and throw the water over the 
floor of its stall, and. let all run into the ti ink. 
BONES AND SULPHURIO ACID—T' —The jumps may not 
pre down A but throw the whole into a heap 
ashes for a ays, and it will erumble after a bit— 
your rows of Lucerne apart? Ibis 
Ier pi end to Pd prs SES plants to six or eight inches 
your soil i 
£ Sub Rei id's ** OKNU of Nature,” and Professor 
Jehnston’s “Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry ani 
Geology." 
Burnt OLAY—P—It is not, properly speaking, a ji of a 
monia, It ru it merely i in virtue es mechanical affinity 
al a 
(so to spea ust as e coal does, may pa burnt most 
cheaply as rewound S Quay ast week’s paper. 
DISEASE IN EINE. week. have some re- 
collection of ean received the question before, but cat 
fin at) answer recorded ; if this be so, we must beg your 
pardon 
Hao D T would much like to BM 5; eggs will keep for 
certainty in an ice-house ould, not hanging 
sheles (such as are used to kee bine Aue cheese) susz 
gustan in the ice-house, and perforated for P Soi of 
the eggs, be the best w: 
With gypsum ; they would pro- 
bably be worth 30, to 4l. per tonif delivered in a condition 
fit for applying to the land, | If you are disposed to speculate 
his matter, you had better first get the quantity of phos- 
hate of lime in an average specimen ascertained by the 
E P. Gypsum may be reduced by calcining or grinding: 
e have plenty of it here S tier you can import it, 
das RDEN FAnM— Caj p hn's Day Rye will probably 
give you the earlie: ing feed; this sho He be grown, as 
food to cattle, d m some Mangold Wurzel and Carrots 
kept from LE then Vetches and Mangold Wurzel; 
then Italian Rye Grass and Olover; then Lucerne, which 
with Vetches pup the Rye Grass and a few Cabbages should 
keep you all summer and into autumn; when, first, the 
cone Horn ORON ao be given along with the last of them 
en the Carrot and e: Turnips, along with a little hay 
z Linseed and Bean En RE and then the Swedes for 
the rest of the winter, alon; with 
Linseed soup, and 
Your next week to obtain for youa pediranti of the sce 
ou may or should grow, with the stock it will keep. But 
He to say if these 20 acres are to be all kept poer in 
green crop, or all every other year, or half only constantly 
alternating with a grain crop 
GOLD or PLEA ASURE— Gold, de piere the seeds are ripe m0 
orreap; tie in sheaves ; ‘hrash them out when dry, crush. 
the seed, and give it along with Bean mealto yo| cattle ; 
an Mum as litter. Flax is in every M a 
that pus upon t PAS iti 
use them also. To be- nito sure of keeping all the 
] uano you should add. cage uric 
5 to 20 ibs. per cwt, according to its composition: 
Sulphuric acid may be had for 1a. apound. About Oats. and 
Beans see pages 327, 395, and 414, 
OrrEnsive POND—Z G—How would it answer to throw in at 
intervals, at the upper side o the pond, a cart load p ed 
coal dust? This would probably remove the sme and 
purify the n and Ther alga the value of the mud po 
ever you may clean i vus 
DUCED, BUT LITTLE enine te 
Your friend should try marling his land. You haye not to old 
us its quality ; but his experience is similar to that of those 
who attempt to grow Wheat on vegetable—e, g. peaty—soils. 
ET TT 
SMITHFIELD, ED June 20 er Stone of sibs; 
Bont Scots, Herofords, &o. 3s 10to ool 
Best Short Horns a 
Second quality Beasts, - 2 8 
Calves ~ 
est Donas Half-breds 
I—sa; 
rn) 3 i DE 
0 
any *"heep, yet the suppl: ^m uec rade P: 
etter m trade is dull. — The mur for E and Figs i 
exceedingly hes 
ETT 
very. hesvy, an 
demand, but. 
some of 
heavy. 
feast, 864; Sheep and Lambs, 11,250; Calves, 492; Pigs; 200 
3 4l, ay Ph ; 
s 
HOPS, Fray, July 3. 
ore unfavourable from the plantations dusin; 
a better demani 
e 
"The accounts, com fs 
inj 
Ja st few days, the duty isa 
e duty is again declining, and we hay: 
H ops at improved prices. Duty now £130,000, 
PArrENDEN & Sarr, Hop-Fatoyte 
* 
